Chapter 2

Question 1

Define Matter and Energy

Answer 1

Matter- anything that has mass and takes up space

Energy- ability to do work; put matter into motion

Question 2

Describe difference between potential and kinetic energy

Answer 2

Kinetic energy- energy in motion

Potential energy- stored energy

Question 3

Describe 4 forms of energy used by the human body

Answer 3

Chemical-stored in the bonds of chemical substances (ATP)
Electrical-movement of charged particles
Mechanical-directly involved in moving matter
Radiant- travels in waves

Question 4

Energy Conversians

Answer 4

Easily converted from one for to another; inefficient; some energy is lost in the form of heat

Question 5

Element and Atom

Answer 5

Element- pure substance that cannot be broken down by chemical means into other substances
Atom- smallest piece of an element that retains the characteristics of the element

Question 6

4 Most abundant elements in the human body

Answer 6

oxygen O; carbon C; Hydrogen H; Nitrogen N

Question 7

Other Elements found in the body

Answer 7

Calcium Ca; Phosphorous P; Potassium K; Sulfur S, Sodium Na; Chlorine Cl; Magnesium Mg; Iodine I; Iron Fe

Question 8

3 Subatomic particles

Answer 8

Protons- positive charge, 1 amu, nucleus; Neutron- neutral charge, 1 amu, nucleus; Electron- negative charge, 0 amu, cloud

Question 9

Atomic Symbol, Atomic number, Atomic weight, Mass number

Answer 9

Atomic symbol- one or two letter shorthand name for an element
Atomic Number- number of protons in a nucleus
Atomic weight- average mass of all isotopes
Mass number- total number of protons and neutrons in nucleus

Question 10

Isotope

Answer 10

Different forms of a single of a single element with different numbers of neutrons

Question 11

Radioisotope and Halflife

Answer 11

Radioisotope- heavy isotope for a given element are usually unstable, spontaneously decompose(decay) into more stable forms (radioactivity)
Halflife- time required for a radioisotope to loose half its activity

Question 12

Orbital and Energy Shell

Answer 12

Orbital- most likely location for an electron relative to the nucleus
Energy Shell- group of orbitals that share the same energy shell

Question 13

Molecule and Compound

Answer 13

Molecule- two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds

Compound- two or more atoms of different elements held together by chemical bonds

Question 14

Mixture and Compounds

Answer 14

Mixture- substances composed of two or more components which are physically intermixed
No chemical bonding between components, can be separated by physical means, heterogeneous and homogeneous
1.Solutions
2.Collids
3 Suspensions
Compunds- chemical bonding between components, can be separated only by breaking bonds, all are homogeneous

Question 15

Solvent and Solute

Answer 15

Solvent-substance in greater amount; usually a liquid

Solute-substance in lesser amount

Question 16

Name the three types of chemical bonds

Answer 16

Ionic, convalent, hydrogen

Question 17

Describe ion and describe how ions are formed

Answer 17

Ion- atom that has gained or lost electrons

transfer of valence shell electrons from one atoms to another forms and ion

Question 18

Cations and Anions

Answer 18

Cation- lost one or more electrons (t for +)

Anions- gained one or more electrons -

Question 19

Define ionic bond and how they are formed

Answer 19

ionic bond- due to attraction of opposite charges
opposites attract both anions and cations are formed whenever electrons transfer
NaCl

Question 20

Covalent Bond and how they are formed

Answer 20

Sharing is caring; formed by sharing of two or more valence shell slectrons

Question 21

Polar and nonpolar

Answer 21

Polar- unequal sharing of electrons Nonpolar-electrons shared equally

Question 22

Electronegativity

Answer 22

measure of an atoms ability to attract electrons; atoms with 6-7 valance shell electrons are highly electronegative; strong ability to attract electrons; atoms with 1-2 valence shell electrons are electropositive

Question 23

Hydrogen bond and how they are formed

Answer 23

Attractive force between electropositive hydrogen of one molecule and an electronegative atom of another molecule

Question 24

Why are chemical bonds formed

Answer 24

Energy relationships between electrons and reacting atoms; electrons in valence shell can be chemically reactive
stable is valance shell is full and chemically reactive if valence shell is not full

Question 25

3 main patterns of chemical reactions

Answer 25

Synthesis (combination) reactions bond formation anabolic; Decomposition reactions Breaking of bonds catabolic; Exchange (displacement) reactions both synthesis and decomposition bonds are made and broken

Question 26

Redox Reactions

Answer 26

Transfer of energized electrons from one molecule to another | (Leo says Ger) electron donors loses oxidized ,electron acceptors gains reduced

Question 27

Endergonic and Exergonic

Answer 27

Exergonic- net release of energy ;catabolic | Endergonic- net absorption of energy; anabolic

Question 28

Explain why reactions in biological systems are irreversible

Answer 28

due to energy requirements and removal of products

Question 29

4 factors which can affect reactions rates and what happens with each

Answer 29

Rise in Temperature Rise in rate Rise in Concentration rise in rate Decrease in Particle size rise in rate Addition of catalysts such as enzyme rise in rate

Question 30

Inorganic and Organic compounds

Answer 30

Inorganic- water, salts, and many acids and bases; usually do not contain carbon Organic- carbohydrates, fats, protiens, and many acids and bases; usually contain carbon are large and are covalently bonded

Question 31

Why is water so important

Answer 31

``` 60%-80% volume of living cells high heat capacity high heat of vaporization polar solvent properties reactivity and cushioning ```

Question 32

Define salts and electrolytes

Answer 32

Salts-ionic compounds which dissociate into ions in water | Electrolytes- ions which conduct electrical currents in a solution

Question 33

Describe Acids and Bases

Answer 33

Acids are proton donors; release H+ in a solution | Bases are proton acceptors; take up H+ in a solution

Question 34

Define PH scale

Answer 34

PH scale- measurement of relative free [H+] in a solution; ranges from 0-14

Question 35

Describe acid-base homeostasis and how the buffer system maintains this in the human body

Answer 35

PH change interferes with cell function and may damage living tissue, chemical buffers resist and large swings in PH release hydrogen ions if PH roses, bind hydrogen ions if PH falls

Question 36

Why is carbon considered electroneurtral

Answer 36

Carbon=elctroneutral shares electrons; never gains or looses, forms 4 covalent bonds with other elements

Question 37

4 major classes or organic compounds

Answer 37

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

Question 38

Monomers and Polymers

Answer 38

Monomers- are building blocks; polymers meaning they are chains of similar units

Question 39

Monomers and Polymers for Carbohydrates, lipids, protein, and nucleic acids

Answer 39

Carbohydrates-monosaccharides and polysaccharides Lipids-glycerol, fatty acids, phosphate and triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids, eicosanoids Protein- Amino Acids and Polypeptide Nucleic Acids- Nucleatides and DNA,RNA

Question 40

Dehydration Synthesis and Hydrolysis

Answer 40

Dehydration synthesis to bring monomers together, forms a covalent bond, loss of one water molecule hydrolysis-to break down polymers, uses water to break apart covalent bonds

Question 41

Describe carbohydrates

Answer 41

Sugars; starches Three classes: Monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides Contain C,H and O Ration !:2:1

Question 42

Decscribe lipids

Answer 42

Contain mostly C and H less O sometimes also P | Types: triglycerides, phospholipids, steriods, eicosanoids

Question 43

Difference between saturated, unsaturated, and trans fats

Answer 43

Saturated- single covalent bond between carbon atoms such as butter Unsaturated- at least one double bond between carbon atoms such as olive oil heart healthy omega 3 trans fats-modified oils very unhealthy

Question 44

Describe Proteins

Answer 44

Control all of life's activities, chain of amino acids 20 types of amino acids(8 essential to amino acids)

Question 45

Protein folding

Answer 45

unique 3D structure

Question 46

Denaturation

Answer 46

Structure determines function, lose structure lose function

Question 47

Enzymes

Answer 47

Enzymes-are biological catalysts

Question 48

Describe nucleic acids

Answer 48

Largest molecules in the body, DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) RNA (Ribonucleic)

Question 49

Describe ATP

Answer 49

ATP- energy stored in bonds of phosphates, unstable molecule due to negative charges in phosphate group, phosphorylation terminal phosphate is enzymatically transferred to another molecule