Chapter 3 Flashcards by Laura Putman

What are the two major periods of the cell cycle?

Interphase, Mitosis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

__________ is the part of the cell cycle that occurs when the cell is not in mitosis.

Interphase

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

This phase is divided into three parts. __________ is also called gap and is when growth and other metabolic activities occur. __________ is also called synthesis and is when DNA replication occurs. The last portion is called __________ and is when enzymes and other proteins necessary for cell division are produced.

G1,S,G2

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

DNA replication is _______________ which means that each new strand of DNA is half old and half new DNA

Semiconservative

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

There are many enzymes that are involved in DNA replication. Which enzyme completes each of the following steps:

a. Forms covalent bonds between DNA segments? __________
b. Adds new DNA nucleotides? __________
c. Builds short complementary pieces of RNA; attracts DNA polymerase to DNA strand? __________
d. Unwinds and unzips DNA double helix? __________

Ligase, DNA Polymerase, Primase, Helicase

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

How many cells are produced by mitosis?

2 daughter cells

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Name the phases of mitosis in the correct order. Be able to label the phases in the diagram below and recognize the parts of the diagram (cell membrane, nucleus, nucleolus, nuclear envelope, chromatin, chromosomes, centrosomes, spindle fibers, cleavage furrow, chromatids)

PMAT Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase and Telephase

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Name the process where the cytoplasm divides.

Cytokinesis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

During what stage of mitosis does this take place?

Begins during late anaphase and ends with completion of telophase

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Parts of Microscope

Eyepieces, objectives, stage, aperture iris diaphragm ring, condenser, base, light intensity knob, light switch, Mechanical stage controls, fine focus knob, course focus knobs, frame, specimen holder, revolving nosepiece

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the total magnification if the microscope is set on medium (10X) power?

100x

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What happens to the field of view as the magnification increases?
What happens to the working distance as the magnification increases?

Decreases

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What term is used to describe all of a cell’s genetic material

Genome

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

_____are coding regions of a gene and __________ are non-coding regions of a gene

Exons, Introns

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is “the central dogma”?

Transcription – cell copies DNA to RNA In nucleus

Translation – RNA manufactures proteins In cytoplasm
DNA-RNA-Protien

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Differences in DNA and RNA
Type of sugar
Nitrogenous Bases
Number of Strands

deoxyribose 
Adenine, Guanine, Thymine, Cytosine 
2
ribose, 
Adenine, guanine, Cytosine Uracil 
1

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

mRNA

MessengerRNA: Carries info from DNA and uses it to help make protein; 3 RNA bases are a codon

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

tRNA

TransportDNA: Carries specific amino acid to ribosome; allows for amino acid to line up with correct mRNA
sequence

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

rRNA

Combines with proteins to form a ribosome

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Name the three stages of transcription.

Initiation, Elongation, Termination

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Where does translation occur?

Cytoplasm

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Where does transcription occur?

Inside the nucleus

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Programmed cell death is called __________. It is associated with the group of enzymes known as __________.

Apoptosis, Caspases

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

_________ respiration requires oxygen whereas ________ respiration does not

Aerobic, Anerobic

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Name the three main parts of aerobic/cell respiration.

Glycolysis Krebs cycle Electron transport chain

Complete the following equation.

___c6h12o6_______+ O2 → CO2 + __h2o____ + 36 ATP

Where does glycolysis take place? Where do all other parts of aerobic respiration take place?

Cytoplasm, Mitochondria

What is the theoretical yield of ATP from aerobic respiration? What is the actual yield of ATP from aerobic respiration?

38, 30

What is the smallest unit of life that can function independently

Cell

What are the 3 tenets (“rules”) of the cell theory?

Cell is the fundamental unit of life All organisms made of one or more cells All cells come from preexisting cells

Why do cells come in such a variety of shapes and sizes?

Function

What are the three basic parts to any human cell?

Plasma membrane—flexible outer boundary Cytoplasm—intracellular fluid containing organelles Nucleus—control center

Examples of germ cells are ________ and ________. They are produced by __________ which reduces the chromosome number by half. Having one copy of each chromosome is called _______.

sperm, ova, meiosis, haploid

Cells of the body (except reproductive cells) can also be called __________ cells. They are produced by __________ which makes two identical daughter cells that have two copies of each chromosome. Having two copies of each chromosome is called __________.

Somatic, mitosis, diploid

What is the term used to describe everything between the plasma membrane and the nucleus? What is it composed of?

Cytoplasm : Cytosol – Water with solutes (protein, salts, sugars, etc.); viscous fluid Organelles – Metabolic machinery of cell; each with specialized function; either membranous or nonmembranous Inclusions – Chemical substances which vary with cell type; e.g., glycogen granules, pigments, lipid droplets, vacuoles, crystals

Why are membranes important within the cell? | What do they do for the organelles that have them?

Membranes allow for crucial compartmentalization, separate

10. Which of the following organelles have a membrane: cytoskeleton, mitochondria, peroxisomes, centrioles, lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, golgi apparatus ?

Mitochondria, Peroxisome, lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus

Nuclear envelope

Boundary between the nucleus and cytoplasm

Nucleoli

Site of ribosomal assembly

Nucleus

Largest organelle; contains cell’s genetic information

Cilia

Cellular extension that moves substances in one direction

Flagella

Cellular projection formed by a centriole that propels the cell

Microvilli

. Cellular extensions that serve to increase surface area

Centrosome with centrioles

Generate microtubules and organize mitotic spindles

Microfilaments

Thinnest type of cytoskeleton; cell motility, strength

Intermediate filaments

Tough, insoluble ropelike protein fibers that resist pulling force

Microtubules

Largest type of cytoskeleton; determines shape of cell

Lysosomes

Digestion centers; contain acid hydrolases

Peroxisomes

Detox harmful or toxic substances; contains oxidases/catalases

Golgi apparatus

Processing center for vesicle contents, modify ER products

Rough Endoplasmic reticulum

Site of protein synthesis for all secreted proteins

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Detox of drugs, some pesticides, carcinogenic chemicals

Ribosomes

Site of protein synthesis; can be free or attached to ER

Mitochondria

Powerhouse of cell; location of cellular respiration

Describe the three different types of structures which make up the cytoskeleton

Microfilaments Thinnest; strands of actin Dense web attached to cytoplasmic side of plasma membrane-terminal web Gives strength, compression resistance Involved in cell motility, change in shape, endocytosis and exocytosis Intermediate filaments Tough, insoluble, ropelike protein fibers Tetramer fibrils High tensile strength; resist pulling forces Attach to desmosomes Microtubules Largest; tubulins (hollow tubes) Determine overall shape of cell Often are radiating out from centrosomes

Describe the three different types of cellular extensions

Cilia o Whiplike, motile, found on exposed surfaces of some cells o Move substances in one direction o Respiratory tract Flagella o Longer than cilia; propel the cell itself o sperm Microvilli o Tiny, finger-like extensions of plasma membrane o Increase surface area for absorption o Absorptive cells like intestinal and kidney tubule cells

Where is DNA found within a human cell?

Nucleus and Mitochondria

What is the name of the proteins which associate with DNA to form chromatin?

Histones

Describe why the plasma membrane spontaneously forms into a lipid bilayer

Separates two environments

What is the name for the “sugar coat” on the extracellular side of the plasma membrane?

Glycocalyx

Which of the cellular junctions is known as an anchoring junction and reduces the risk of tearing sheets of cells?

Desmosomes

Which of the cellular junctions is known as a communication junction?

Gap Junctions

Which of the cellular junctions could be described as impermeable and is found in epithelial cells of the GI tract?

Tight Junction

What does it mean when we say that the plasma membrane is “selectively permeable”?

some substances may pass freely, others need assistance, and some cannot pass at all through the membrane

Which type of membrane transport requires energy? Which type does not require energy?

Active, Passive

Define diffusion

movement of molecules or ions from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

Does facilitated diffusion require energy?

Describe the difference between endocytosis and exocytosis

Endocytosis is movement into the cell Exocytosis is movement out of the cell

In the experiment performed in class, be able to answer the following questions: a. What represented the cell membrane? b. What substance was able to cross the membrane? c. What process does this represent?

Dialysis tub, Iodine, Infusion

Determine the tonicity of the solution.

Isotonic-equal hypertonic- water flows out cell shrinks, hypotonic- more water on outside flows in cell swells

Types of Junction

Desosomes; anchor, gap junction communication, tight junction; non permiable

Chapter 3 Flashcards

(71 cards)