Chapter 2

Question 1

Early 1800s

Answer 1

• poverty was a crime, removing children from poor environments was the answer
• control by external institutions was key
• govt. would provide care and help build juv. institutions

Question 2

Parens patriae

Answer 2

govt. as protector of children, separate systems, intermediate sentences adopted (no set min or max but a range)

Question 3

Late 1800s reform

Answer 3

• individual treatment & control of juveniles is the answer
• private organizations, locked facilities, orphan asylums
• govt. expanded involvement- creating financing, administrating institutions

Question 4

1899-1960

Answer 4

juvenile court is part of progressive era
- children made bad by society & environment
- 1st juvenile courts believe that delinquency was curable
- distinction between criminal & noncriminal behavior not important
- treatment not punishment
1st juvenile court- Cook County Illinois (Chicago) 1899

Question 5

Progressive era

Answer 5

• children are impressionable and need guidance, middle class children at home, lower class by public
• guided by public policies & research
• govt. sponsored events & legislation to educate

Question 6

1920 - more federal funding for programs

Answer 6

• needs to improve society conditions & lead children back to conformity
• children handled primarily by juvenile courts
• federal govt. passes legislation to help poor families, protect children & their constitutional rights

Question 7

Juvenile rights period 1960-1980

Answer 7

• family, police, schools, courts, could not curb rising delinquency
• need community-based programming instead of institutionalization
• appointed presidents commission on law enforcement and administration- separation of neglected & abused juveniles from delinquents

Question 8

Today’s general philosophy

Answer 8

4 Ds of JJ:
- deinstitutionalization
- diversion
- due process
- decriminalization
- deterrence (Carter 70s)
- deserts - justified revenge/just punishment (Reagan 80s)