Collectivism
a cultural value that gives priority to the goals of one’s groups and defining one’s identity accordingly
Defensive Pessimism
a cognitive strategy where people set low expectations and imagine worst-case scenarios
Dual Attitudes
differing implicit (automatic) and explicit (consciously controlled) attitudes toward the same object
False Consensus Effect
the tendency to overestimate how much other people share your beliefs, opinions, or behaviours (“I’m not the only one”)
False Uniqueness Effect
the tendency to underestimate how common our positive traits, abilities, or successes are (“I’m the only one”)
Illusion of Transparency
the tendency to overestimate how much others can detect our internal thoughts, feelings, or emotions
Impact Bias
the tendency to overestimate the intensity and duration of our emotional reactions to future events
Ex: Thinking winning the lottery will make you happy forever, but happiness fades sooner than expected
Independent Self
where a person defines themselves by personal traits, abilities, and goals
Individualism
a cultural value that emphasizes personal goals, autonomy, and independence over group goals or social obligations
me over we
Interdependent Self
construing one’s identity in relation to others
Planning Fallacy
the tendency to underestimate how long it will take to complete a task
Ex: The Sydney Opera House is a famous example of the planning fallacy because it took 10 years longer and nearly $100 million more to complete than was originally planned
Self-Concept
how a person answers the question “who am I?”
Self-Efficacy
a person’s belief in their ability to succeed at specific tasks or goals
Self-Esteem
a person’s overall self-evaluation or sense of self-worth
Self-Handicapping
when people create obstacles or excuses for themselves to protect their self-esteem in case they fail
Self-Monitoring
the tendency to observe and adjust your behaviour in social situations to fit the expectations of others
Self-Presentation
expressing yourself in aways designed to create a favourable impression
Self-Schemas
mental structures that help us organize knowledge about ourselves
Self-Serving Attributions
the tendency to attribute positive outcomes to yourself and negative outcomes to other factors
Self-Serving Bias
the tendency to perceive yourself favourably
Social Comparison
evaluating your abilities and opinions by comparing yourself to others
Spotlight Effect
the belief that others are paying more attention to our appearance than they really are
Temporal Comparisons
when people evaluate themselves by comparing their present self to their past or future self
Terror Management Theory
proposes that awareness of our own mortality creates existential anxiety, which people manage by clinging to cultural beliefs, self-esteem, and worldviews
