What are the two aspects of vision loss discussed?
- Adjusting to new vision loss
- Effects of prejudice and discrimination on people with blindness and visual impairments
These aspects highlight both the personal and societal challenges faced by individuals with vision loss.
According to Freud, what are the three parts of the psyche?
- Id
- Ego
- Superego
Each part plays a distinct role in driving human behavior and decision-making.
List the levels of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs.
- Biological/physiological needs
- Safety
- Social
- Esteem
- Cognitive
- Aesthetic
- Self-actualization
- Transcendent
This hierarchy illustrates the progression of human needs from basic to complex.
What are psychological defense mechanisms (PDM) according to Clark?
Subconscious protective reactions to unacceptable reality
These mechanisms help individuals cope with distressing situations.
Name examples of defense mechanisms.
- Denial
- Withdrawal
- Regression
- Intellectualization
- Repression
- Projection
- Rationalization
- Substitution
- Compensation
These mechanisms serve to protect the individual from psychological harm.
According to Parker, Schaller, and Hansmann, what is a key aspect of psychological change?
Changes in personal meanings
This reflects how individuals interpret their experiences and relationships.
What does the Recurrent Model by Kendall and Buys suggest about adjustment following acquired disability?
The process is circular rather than sequential
Individuals must continuously reconstruct their self-view and experiences.
What does Carrol state about acceptance in relation to disability?
Acceptance requires the individual to ‘die’ as a sighted person and reorganize self-esteem
This is a crucial step before rehabilitation can begin.
What are the stages of the Unified model of adjustment proposed by Livneh?
- Initial reaction
- Defense mobilization
- Initial realization
- Retaliation
- Reintegration
These stages outline the emotional and psychological journey following a disability.
What is the role of the VRT in fostering adjustment?
- Identification of client’s stage
- Support through defense mechanisms
- Facilitate coping strategies
VRTs play a critical role in guiding individuals through their adjustment process.
What are sources of prejudice against individuals with disabilities?
- Salience
- Inferred emotional consequence
- Fear of acquiring disability
- Handicapism
- Spread
- Economic cost of handicapism
These factors contribute to societal attitudes and treatment of people with disabilities.
