How do cancer cells differ from healthy cells?
In a healthy cell, oncogenes are not over expressed, and tumor suppressor genes are expressed.
As a result, cell division rate under control. Cancer begins in a single cell when an oncogene is turned on or a tumor suppressor gene is turned off, lifting controls on a cell decision and making the cell immortal.
Inorganic(chemical substance that doesn’t include both carbon and hydrogen atoms) salts - skeleton- are abundant in the body fluids.
They are the sources of many necessary ions, including ions of
- sodium Na+
- chloride Cl~
- K+
- Ca+2
- Mg+2
- PO4-2
- CO3-2
- HCO3-
- SO4-2
These ions help with our metabolism, help maintain proper water concentrations in body fluid, controlling PH, blood clotting, bone development, energy transfer
Also helps our nervous system and muscular system
Inorganic Molecules
Materials of a cell:
- water - helps regulate body temperature
- oxygen - used to release energy from glucose
- carbon dioxide - waste product that results from metabolism
Steroids - Hormones made up cholesterol
- sex hormones
- aldosterone
- cortisol
What is the cell cycle - from the time the cell forms until it divides
Interphase - has 3 stages
- G1: cells are performing their function and growing. They either get a message to divide or not to divide. These cells line your digestive system. Skin cells divide rapidly. Muscle and nerve cells don’t get the message to divide after a certain age. If we get the message to divide we go to S Phase.
- S Phase - DNA replicates (2 copies)
- G2 phase - organelles replicate, 2 identical mitochondria and 2 Golgi apparatus
- Mitosis:
- Prophase chromosomes condense and get organized. Nuclear envelope dissolves, centrioles and microtubules (spindle fiber) these make centrioles
- Metaphase - this is where chromosomes line up in the middle/center (equator or metaphase plate)
- Anaphase - chromatids separate and move to opposite ends of the cell
- Telephase - nuclear envelope reappears. Chromosomes disassemble, reverse of prophase
- Cytokinesis - begins in anaphase but it’s complete after telephase
Organelle that contains nucleolus
nucleus
Describe a lysosome
A vesicle made in Golgi body contains enzymes
Breakdown any extra carbohydrates, proteins, fats, waste products
Polysaccharides stored in a liver is known as
glycogen
PH levels
- Blood - 7.35 - 7.45
- 0 is a acid
- Alkaline - 14 - base
- Alkalemia - 7.5 - 7.8 (Alkalosis is a condition of Alkalemia) would be Alkaline
- Acidemia - 7.0 - 7.3 (Acidosis is a condition of Acidemia) - would be an acid
The PH scale measures
Shorthand notation for the hydrogen ion concentration used to indicate the acidic or alkaline condition of a solution
Chemistry
The science of the composition and interactions of matter
Cell membrane
The selectively permeable outer boundary of a cell consisting of a phospholipid bilayer in bedded with proteins
Phagocytosis
Process by which a cell engulfs solids from its surroundings
What happens In Interphase
Has three stages
- G1 cells - cells performing their function and growing. These cells decide to either get a message to divide or not to. If we get the message to divide we go to a phase
- s phase - dna replicates
- G2 phase - organelles replicate, 2 identical mitochondria and 2 Golgi apparatus
What happens in anaphase
Chromatids separate separate and move to opposite ends of the cell
What is cilla and its function
Microscopic hairlike extensions of the exposed surfaces of most cells - they sweep
What is flagella and its function
Relatively long motile process that extend from the surface of a sperm cell. Enables movement in microorganisms
Cell division - does all cells divide at the same rate
No
