Chapter 2: Cells

Question 1

There are two main types of cells. What are they?

Answer 1

Somatic and Germ

Question 2

Somatic cells are used to build…

Answer 2

Organs/tissues. Examples include nervous, muscle, bone, gland, blood

Question 3

Germ cells are used for…

Answer 3

making parasit-…. babies…. aka reproduction

Question 4

The cell’s inside environment and the outside environment are separated by what structure?

Answer 4

The cell membrane.

Question 5

What is the inside of the cell called? The SPECIFIC name for ALL the stuff inside the cell? This structure contains all of the dissolved substances, proteins, waste products, the machinery of cellular function in addition to the cytosol.

Answer 5

The cytoplasm.

Question 6

What is the outside of the cell called?

Answer 6

Extracellular fluid.

Question 7

What are the functions of the cell membrane?

Answer 7

• Separation (inside and outside environment)
• Regulation of what comes in and out
• Interaction with the environment
• A site of attachment to other cells and surroundings.

Question 8

What is the cell membrane primarily composed of?

Answer 8

The phospolipid bilayer. contains some cholesterol. (the membrane is flexible/moveable. not stiff)

Question 9

There are protein structures found in the cell membrane. There are two main types, what are they and what is their “location”?

Answer 9

• Peripherial proteins:
  
  • These are found in the…. periphery 🤯. This means outer or inner surface, not with all the cool phospolipids but basically right next to them.
• Integral Proteins
  
  • ​These are “integrated” into the membrane itself. 🧘🏼

Question 10

What are the functions of the protein structures?

Answer 10

• Transport
• Ezymatic activity
• Receptors for signal transduction (just a fancy way of saying “reading”)
• Intercellular joining (cells attaching to each other)
• Cell-cell recognition (Cells saying hello to one another to see if they are cool or not).
• Attachment to the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix

Question 11

There are three main ways in which cells move stuff inside and outside of the cell. What are they? (What is this class… physiology??😓)

Answer 11

• Simple Diffusion
• Passive or active transport
• bulk transport

Question 12

Some molecules can simply “slip” through the phospholipid bylayer because of their structure without having to go through the integral proteins for “approval”. 😎. What is this form of import/export called?

Answer 12

Simple Diffusion

Question 13

What is the primary characteristic of PASSIVE transport and some examples of processes… you’ll see some of these processes overlap with active transport, so understand the characteristics of different types of transports…

Answer 13

• Passive transport is the movement of substances across the plasma membrane without energy expenditure from the cell.
  
  • Simple diffusion
  • Osmosis
  • Facilitated diffusion
  • Bulk filtration

Question 14

Active Transport processes are what type?

Answer 14

The movement of substances from an area of low to high concentration (against their concentration gradient) and thus ATP is used!! Think “A” in active “A” in ATP. Sometimes the used of a transport protein is used as well.

Question 15

Examples of active transport

Answer 15

• Ion pumps
• A collection of processes best described as bulk transport.

Question 16

What is characteristic of Bulk Transport?

Answer 16

Having the cell rearrange itrs structure around the object.

Question 17

What is bulk transport into the cell called?

Answer 17

endocytosis

Question 18

What is bulk transport out of the cell called?

Answer 18

Exocytosis

Question 19

What is the role of a vesicle?

Answer 19

this the the membranous “bubble” that holds the item that has either entered, or is making its way out of, the cell.

Question 20

What is the difference between organs and organells?

Answer 20

Organelles are tiny structures that perform specific jobs within a single cell (i.e. nucleus, ribsosomes, etc.) whereas an organ is a structure within the body that performs a specific bodily function. See the similarities??

Question 21

What is the nucleus. (Both structure and function)

Answer 21

• A porous organelle that that serves as the “control center” of the cell (sorry mitochondira, not as cool). This is where DNA molecules reside in the form of chromatin.
• Ribsosomes are made here.

Question 22

What is the surrounding of the nucleus called?

Answer 22

Nuclear envelope. (has pores)

Question 23

How many chromosomes are found in the nuclei?

Answer 23

46 (23 from dad and 23 from mom)

Question 24

What does a gene serve as?

Answer 24

A gene is a section of a chromosome that has the code for building ONE protien.

Question 25

What is the total of all our genes called?

Answer 25

Genome

Question 26

What is the function and general location of the endoplasmic reticulum?

Answer 26

* Location: Typically the endoplasmic reticulum is found next to/surrounding the nucleus. * Function: Transport, synthesis, and storage of items such as proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids.

Question 27

The Endoplasmic reticulum has "rough looking bumps" on it. What are these?

Answer 27

Ribosomes

Question 28

Some types of ER does not have "rough bumps" to it. What is this E.R. called (e.r. = endoplasmic reticulum)

Answer 28

A "non-bumpy" e.r. is called a **smooth e.r.**

Question 29

What is the main difference between the smooth and rough ER in regards to what molecules they primarily "deal" with.

Answer 29

* The **rough endoplasmic reticulum** has **ribosomes** on it. Therefore the **rough endoplasmic reticulum** is involved in protein synthesis and protein "folding" into tertiary and quaternary structures. * The **smooth endoplasmic reticulum** is involved with phopholipid and glycolipid, carbohydrate, steroid, and cholesterol synthesis as well as carbohydrate storage.

Question 30

What organelle does the golgi apparatus look similar too?

Answer 30

Well this is, I suppose, subjective but it looks pretty similar to the endoplasmic reticulum if you ask me.

Question 31

Purpose of the Golgi apparatus?

Answer 31

* **modifies** and **packages** items produced by the ER. * packages into vesicles * **ships/transport** items to various places in the cell as needed. * out to the membrane for export * to other organelles

Question 32

What are the "packages" that are made by the golgi apparatus?

Answer 32

**vesicles** are the **membranous bubbles** in which "stuff" is packed into within the cell.

Question 33

What do **lysosomes** do?

Answer 33

**lysosomes** serve to digest/break down particular items

Question 34

What is the difference between **transport** and **secretory** vesicles?

Answer 34

* Secretory: These contain stuff that the cell will **export into the environment.** * Trnasport vesciles: contain products to be moved **around inside** cell.

Question 35

The name somewhat gives it away, but what primary function do **membrane renewal vesicles** serve?

Answer 35

Will add new material (phopholipids, proteins, glycoprteins) to the cell membrane.

Question 36

Two important structures found **inside** a mitochondiria are?

Answer 36

* Cristae: folds in inner membrane. * Matrix: fluid environment inside.

Question 37

Function of the mitochondria?

Answer 37

Takes energy containing molecules (glucose, fatty acids) and breaks them down to make ATP.

Question 38

Function of Ribosomes?

Answer 38

The ribsosomes are used to **make proteins from the RNA template** in a _*process called **translation**.*_

Question 39

What are the two types of ribosomes?

Answer 39

1. **Free:** floating freely in the cytoplasm. 2. **Bound:** ribosomes attached to the endoplasmic reticulum.

Question 40

**_Three main components_** of the **cytoskeleton?**

Answer 40

1. Microfilaments 2. Intermediate filaments 3. Microtubules

Question 41

**Structure** of the **microfilaments?**

Answer 41

**thin**, thread-like protein strands.

Question 42

Structure of **_intermediate filaments_**?

Answer 42

slightly thicker thread-like strands.

Question 43

Structure of **microtubulues**?

Answer 43

LARGE, hollow, tube-large protein strands

Question 44

Rank the three kinds of protein strands **_found in the cytoskeleton_** in **_decreasing_** order of size.

Answer 44

Microtubules \> Intermediate Filaments \> Microfilaments

Question 45

**Differences** between **Cilia** and **microvilli?**

Answer 45

**_Microvilli_** are smaller and immobile primarily for extra surface area. **_Cilia_** on the other hand are larger, mobile and used for interacting with the external environment in various ways.