Anatomy BIO-271 > Chapter 4: Tissues > Flashcards

Chapter 4: Tissues Flashcards

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1
Q

Define “Tissue”?

A

A group of similar cells specialized to perform a specific function.

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2
Q

Histology is…

A

The study of tissues

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3
Q

Four main types of tissues are…

A
  • Epithelial
  • Connective
  • Muslce
  • Neural
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4
Q

Epithelial tissues locations

A

These tissues…

  • cover surface of body (think skin)
  • Line various spaces and passageways of the body
    • Lining hollow organs
    • Body cavities
    • Lining of tubes such as blood vessels
  • Used to make glands around the body
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5
Q

General Functions of Epithelial Tissues:

A
  • Form Protective barriers
  • Control permeability
  • Produce specialized secretions
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6
Q

This epithelial tissue type is one layer of flatten cells.

A

Simple Squamous

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7
Q

This tissue type is ONE layer of cells about as tall as they are wide…

A

Simple cubodial epithelium

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8
Q

This simple epithelium is one layer of tall, narrow cells…

A

Simple columnar epithelium

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9
Q

multiple layers of “smaller” cells with upper layers of flattened cells.

A

Stratified Squamous epithelium

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10
Q

two or more layers of cells about as tall as they are wide.

A

Stratified cuboidal epithelium

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11
Q

two or more layers of tall, narrow cells…

A

Stratified Columnar

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12
Q

Function of simple squamous epithelium

A

allows for rapid diffusion, filtration, and secretions in serous membranes

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13
Q

Where are some of the locations/places simple squamous can be found?

A
  • Air sacs in lungs
  • Lining of heart chambers
  • lumen of blood vessels
  • Serous membranes of body cavities

*these are just some of the examples from the book but it’s beneficial to think about what do all of these mentioned tissues have in common?*

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14
Q

Function of simple cubodial?

A

Absorption and secretion

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15
Q

Locations of simple cubodial?

A
  • Kidney tubules
  • Thyroid glad follicles
  • Ducts and secretory regions of most glands
  • Surface of ovary

make a note of what these areas have in common. What do these areas of the body do a lot of??

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16
Q

Structure of Nonciliated Simple Columnar Epithelium

A

Lets brain it down…

No cilia = nonciliated

Columnar = “tall”

Simple = means single layer

*additionally these may contain_goblet cells that secret mucin_*

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17
Q

Function of Nonciliated Simple Columnar Epithelium

A
  • Absorption
  • Secretion (additionally; secretion of mucin)
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18
Q

Location of Nonciliated Simple Columnar Epithelium

A

Lining of most of the digestive tract.

*lining of stomach however; does not contain goblet cells*

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19
Q

Structure of Ciliarted Simple Columnar

A

Single layer of…

  • tall
  • narrow
  • ciliated cells
  • Oval-shaped nucleus that runs lengthwise in the basal region of the cell.
    • Goblet cells may be present
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20
Q

Function of Ciliated simple columnar epithelium

A
  • Similar to nonciliated, can secrete mucin because they may contain goblet cells
  • Movement of mucus along apical surface of epithelium by action of cilia
    *
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21
Q

Location of Ciliated Simple Columar Epithelium

A

Lining of uterine tubes and larger bronchioles of repiratory tract.

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22
Q

Structure of Pseudostratified Columnar Epthelium

A
  • Single layer of cells with varyingheights that APPEARS multilayerd
  • ALL cells connect to the basement membrane. (think bottom surface of cells)
    • But not all cells reach the apical surface. (think top surface).

************

Ciliated pseudostratified (contains goblet cells)

Nonciliated pseudostratified (does not have goblet cells of cilia)

don’t confuse pseudostratified with simple. Remember that simple nonciliated can have goblet cells

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23
Q

Location of pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium?

A

Ciliated forms lines most of repiratory tract…

  • Trachea
  • Bonchi
  • Larynx
  • Pharynx
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24
Q

Locations of nonciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium?

A

Lines epididymis and part of male urethra. (not as abundant in the body as ciliated)

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25
Why is pseudostratified called pseudostratified?
B/c at first glance is **_appears_** to consist of multiple layers, but it is not actually stratified because all of it's cells are in **contact with the basement membrane.**
26
Describe the _structure_ of **Keratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium?**
Multiple layers of cells; * Basal cells typically are cubodial or polyhedral whereas apical cells are squamous. * More superificial cells are dead and filled with the protein keratin.
27
Where is **Kertainized Stratified Squamous Epithelium** found and based on that, what is its function?
* Location: * Epidermis of skin * Function: * Protection of underlying tissue.
28
**Nonkeratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium** structure...
* Multiple layers of cells. * Basal cells: typically are cubodial or polyhedral * Apical (superficial): cells are squamous * Surface cells are alive and _kept moist._
29
Function of **nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium...**
Protection of underlying tissue.
30
Location of **nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium**
Think moist, warm areas of body b/c remember, top layer is alive. * lining of vagina * orgal cavity * part of pharynx * esophagus * anus
31
Structure of **Stratified Cubodial Epithelium...**
Two or more layers of cells; cells at the apical surface are cuboidal.
32
_Function_ of **stratified cuboidal epithelium**
Protection and Secretion
33
Structure of **Stratified Columnar Epithelium**
Two or more layers of cells with the cells at the apical surface being columnar.
34
_Location_ of **Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium**
Found in large ducts of most exocrine glands and in some parts of the male urethra.
35
Function of Stratified Columnar Epithelium
Protection and secretion
36
Location of Stratified columnar epithelium
Found in some regions of the male urethra and in large ducts of some exocrine glands. rare.
37
Structure of **Transitional Epithelium**
Epithelial appearance varies, depending on whether the tissue is streched or relaxed; shape of cells at apical surface changes; some cells may be **binucleated.**
38
Function and location of **transitional epithelium**
Distension and relaxation to accommodate urine volume changes in bladder, ureters, and urethra
39
What is the difference between **endocrine** and **exocrine** glands?
_Exocrine_ releases secretion via ducts onto the SURFACE of an **epithelial tissue**. In contrast, _endocrine_ glands secrete into internal fluids such as blood (no ducts used).
40
Three types of exocrine glands are...
Serous Gland: watery secretion (sweat) Mucous Gland: thick, slimy secretion (contains **_mucin_** protein) Mixed Gland: A mixture of both. (saliva).
41
What is unique about goblet cells as opposed to other exocrine glands?
Goblet cells are **_unicellular glands_** whereas most **exocrine glands** are multicellular.
42
Main roles of connective tissues?
* Fill internal spaces * Support other tissues * Transport materials * Store lipids
43
Three general categories of connective tissues
* Connective Tissue Proper\* * Supporting connective tissue * Fluid connective tissue
44
Location of **connective** **tissue proper**?
* Found all over the body.
45
Types of **cells**"**in" connective tissue proper**
Fibroblasts Macrophages Mast Cells Leukocytes
46
Types of **connective tissue proper** protein fibers.
1. Collagen 2. Elastic 3. Reticular
47
Two groups of connective tissue proper?
1. **Dense Tissues**: mostly protein fibers (little ground substance), tough 2. **Loose Tissues**: Lots of Ground subtance, "squishy", pliable, "cushiony"
48
Three types of dense connective tissue proper:
1. **Dense Regular**: fibers run parallel, mostly collagen protein, tough 2. **Dense irregular**: fibers in random, meshwork arragnement 3. **Elastic**: made of mostly elastic protein fibers, run parallel
49
Are these dense or loose tissues?
Dense. (Dense connective tissue proper
50
Identify this tissue type
**Regular** Dense connective tissue proper
51
Identify this tissue
**Irregular** dense connective tissue proper
52
Identify this tissue type
**Elastic** Dense connective Tissue proper
53
What are the three types of loose connective tissue proper?
1. Areolar Tissue 2. Adipose Tissue (fat) 3. Reticular Tissue
54
What are some of the important characteristics of loose connective tissue proper?
* Ground substance is a thick, syrupy, semi-fluid type * Loose connective tissue proper acts as the "packing" materials of the body.
55
Identify
Loose connective tissue proper (**Areolar)**
56
Identify
**Areolar** loose connective tissue proper
57
Identify
**Adipose** - Loose connective tissue proper
58
Describe structure and function of adipose tissue
* "marshmallow" looking cells * contains mostly **adipocytes** with **very little or no ground substance or protein fibers.** *Function:* Used as cushioning/packing material around organs; between skin and underlying muscle (subcutaneous layer). Adipose "fat" is also the body's primary energy storage form.
59
Identify
**Reticular** loose connective tissue proper (also fun fact, the spleen is one of the most dreaded organs for surgeons to work on because its just damn messy)
60
Purpose of reticular loose connective tissue?
Used to make the framework of delicate organs, especially those of the lymphatic system.
61
Ground substance of cartilage is called?
Gel
62
Cells suspended in cartilage "gel" are called...
Chondrocytes
63
What type of tissue is the perichondrium?
Dense connective tissue proper
64
3 types of cartilage are?
1. Hylaine 2. Elastic 3. Fibrocartilage
65
What type of cartilage is made to withstand large amounts of compressive forces and what is an area of the body this would be found?
Fibrocartilage; spine or knee are both places that have to withstand high amounts of compressive forces.
66
What cartilage allows for fluid joint articulations but greatly reduces friction between bones? What is a joint that this would be found in?
Hylaine Cartilage; shoulder
67
What cartilage is found in places such as the ear? What is the function of this cartilage?
Elastic; provides suport but tolerates distortion without damage and returns to original shape
68
identify
Fibrocartilage
69
Identify this cartilage
Elastic cartilage
70
Identify this cartilage
Hyaline
71
What is unique about bones ground substance?
It is **solid** due to the presence of **calcium salts.**
72
What are the two main fluid connective tissues?
* Blood * Lymph
73
Identify
Blood
74
A layer of epithelial tissue and a layer of connective tissue make up a...?
Membrane
75
What type of joint/membrane is shown here?
Synovial joint/membrane.
76
What do the epithelial cells in synovial joints secrete?
Synovial fluid
77
Serous membranes are found where?
Serous membranes line internal body cavities (not open to the outside environment)
78
Mucous membranes line passageways that are **closed or open** to the outside environment?
Mucous membranes line passageways that are open to the outside environment.
Anatomy BIO-271
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