Chapter 2: Improving Skills

Question 1

Qualitative Movement Analysis Principles(QMAP)

Answer 1

analysis of the quality of human movement through the use of qualitative data with the purpose of improving human movement

• Used by coaches, physical therapists, trainers, fitness instructors

1. Preparation
2. Observation
3. Evaluation
4. Error Correction

Question 2

Preparation stage (QMAP)

Answer 2

purpose of analysis

• What is the purpose of analysis
• Understand the critical features of the skill observed
• Determine the details of the observation strategy(will cameras be used?)

Question 3

Observation Stage (QMAP)

Answer 3

the performer undertaking the task is observed / recorded

Question 4

Evaluation (QMAP)

Answer 4

a judgment on the quality of performance

• What are the positives aspects of the performers technique
• Are there errors in the performers technique
• if there are errors what’s causing them
• Performances can either be judged subjectively (based on perception, observations) or objectively(based on measures such as scores or times)

Question 5

Error Correction (QMAP)

Answer 5

the intervention made by the coach based on their evaluation of the data observed

• Needs to be carefully planned, accurate, practical and relevant to the performers age

Question 6

Error correction can be achieved via:

Answer 6

• Verbal feedback
• Modified practice(closed environment)
• Exaggeration(coaches ask performers to exaggerate the aspects of skills they need to learn)
• Visual Model(video footage)
• Manual Guidance(coach can physically move body parts so they can experience the action)
• Mechanical guidance(a mechanical aid used to help the performer maintain correct body position)

Question 7

Direct Based Approach

Answer 7

a regimented, instructor driven approach where the emphasis is on initially teaching simple skills in a relatively predictable environment

Question 8

Advantages of Direct Based Approach

Answer 8

• Keeps the learner on task

- Effective at enhancing skill development in the early stages

Question 9

Limitations of Direct Based Approach

Answer 9

• Limits the learners ability to search for their own ‘solutions’ to ‘problems’ in game, adapt to variations or think independently
• Skills developed in isolation may lack the adaptability to be effective in game
• May lack decision making in games due to a lack of tactical awareness

Question 10

Constraints Based Approach

Answer 10

using boundaries or placing restrictions on the learner in order to shape the athletes moving patterns and decision making process.

Question 11

Advantages of Constraints Based Approach

Answer 11

• Through the process of finding solutions, the learner discovers and develops effective motor skills
• The learner develops a sense of when and how to perform certain skills within a game situation
• Practice is more varied making it more enjoyable
• Encourages independent learning

Question 12

Types of Constraints

Answer 12

• Task
• Individual
• Environment (Physical/sociocultural)

Question 13

Task Constraints

Answer 13

• Rules of the sport
• Equipment availability
• Field/pitch/court dimensions
• Player numbers
• Instructions on how to complete a task

Question 14

Individual Constraints

Answer 14

• Body Size(height, weight and limb lengths)
• Fitness levels(agility, speed, power, aerobic capacity)
• Mental Skills(attention control, concentration, confidence, arousal control)
• Perceptual and decision making skills(recognizing patterns of play anticipation)

Question 15

Environment (Physical)

Answer 15

• Locality in which player was raised
• Noise level in gymnasium or sports field
• Auditory feedback
• Gravity
• Weather conditions

Question 16

Environment (Sociocultural)

Answer 16

• Cultural norms
• Family support networks
• Peer groups
• Societal expectations(AFL popular in Australia)
• The culture of sports clubs and access to quality coaching

Question 17

Stages of Learning

Answer 17

• Cognitive(beginner) stage
• Associative(practice) stage
• Autonomous(expert) stage

Question 18

Cognitive Stage

Answer 18

understanding and developing the basic movement pattern
- Not in this stage for long

Learner Experiences:

- Trying to understand the skill
- Inconsistent performances
- Trial and error learning
- Poor error detection
- Large performance improvements

Question 19

Associative Stage

Answer 19

refining the movement pattern and associating environmental cues
- In this stage for the longest

Learners Experience:

- Improved error correction
- Refined movement pattern
- More consistent performance
    - Associating environmental cues to performance

Question 20

Autonomous Stage

Answer 20

almost automatic performance of the movement pattern

Learners Experience:
- High levels of skill performance
- Few errors, consistent performance
- Well developed error detection and correction
- Automatic performance
- Attention on high order processes
- Small performance improvements(might need
specific coaching for specific areas)
- Adjustment in skill performances.

Question 21

Sociocultural Influences

Answer 21

the combination of social and cultural factors that impact on an individuals opportunities to participate in particular sports or recreational activities and develop the relevant movement sills

E.g.

• Family
• Peers
• Gender
• Cultural norms and traditions
• Community
• Socioeconomic Status

Question 22

Family (sociocultural Influences)

Answer 22

• At the cognitive stage generally people are younger and need parents to drive kids to practice
• For a player at the autonomous stage, family transitions to becoming more of an encouragement and motivation

Question 23

Peers (sociocultural Influences)

Answer 23

• Influence whether children participate and the types of skills they develop
• Peers have a tendency towards sedentary behavior can present a barrier to physical activity and skill development

Question 24

Gender (Sociocultural Influences)

Answer 24

• Social Stigma of girls and boys being socialized into different sports(girls play netball, boys play footy)
• Historically females have experience inequality in regards to wages

Question 25

Cultural Norms and Traditions (Sociocultural Influences)

Answer 25

- Prevalence of sport within a culture | - Cultural religious beliefs can be a barrier

Question 26

low Socioeconomic Status (Sociocultural Influences)

Answer 26

- People in lower socioeconomic status generally have a lower level of education and then therefore less likely to realise the benefits of physical activity - Less likely to have safe facilities when living in a lower socioeconomic area - Less likely to be able to afford sports training and facilities if in a low socioeconomic status

Question 27

Community (Sociocultural Influences)

Answer 27

- Local community can facilitate sporting development via the prevalence of: - sporting role models - conducive climate conditions - ease of access - safe training facilities