Chapter 2 - theory development

Question 1

Inductive theory

Answer 1

You start with research, to develop theory

Question 2

Deductive theory

Answer 2

You start with a theory before you do research

Question 3

Deductive theory // associated with?

Answer 3

Associated with scientific theory

Question 4

What is required by deductive theory?

Answer 4

It requires that a hypothesis/working theory

Question 5

another synonym for inductive theory

Answer 5

grounded theory

Question 6

What kind of study is used for inductive theory

Answer 6

systematic study

Question 7

Inductive theory, how?

Answer 7

They observe/examine a particular topic, and based on patterns that emerge over time, they develop a theory

Question 8

Model: theory-research link

Answer 8

4 hoeken;
theory - research (deductive)
research - theory (inductive)

Question 9

What is research?

Answer 9

the methodical gathering of data as well as the careful reporting of the results of the data analysis.

Question 10

Primary research

Answer 10

reported by the person who conducted (uitgevoerd) it.

Question 11

Secondary research

Answer 11

reported by someone other than the person who conducted (uitgevoerd) it.

Question 12

primary research, typically published in?

Answer 12

peer-reviewed academic journals

Question 13

What kind of research is more valued?

Why?

Answer 13

Primary research is valued more than secondary research as a source of information

With secondary research, readers risk the chance that the writers have misunderstood or inadvertently distorted the results of the research.

Question 14

Secondary research, typically, research reported in?

Answer 14

newspapers. Popular or trade magazines, handbooks and textbooks, and the Internet.

Question 15

When research information gets passed from person to person, the message becomes more …

Answer 15

vague and less accurate

Question 16

Which research method allows researchers to conclude that one thing causes another.

Answer 16

experiments

Question 17

What is a variable?

Answer 17

A variable is simply any concept that has to or more values. Sex is a variable, because we have men and women.

Question 18

Why are experiments the only research method that allows researchers to conclude that one thing causes another?

Answer 18

because experiments are controlled

Question 19

4 research methods used in the development of scholarly communication theory.

Answer 19

1. Experiments
2. Surveys
3. Textual analysis
4. Ethnography

Question 20

Why is information literacy more important than ever?

Answer 20

because of the proliferation of verifiably fake news, as well as hyper partisan stories intended to pander to reader’s preexisting beliefs.

Question 21

Independent variable

Dependent variable

Answer 21

presumed cause

presumed effect

Question 22

Example: “Are bright colors in advertisements causing increased sales?”
Independent:
Dependent:

Answer 22

Independent: colors.
Dependent: amount of sales dollars.

Question 23

Manipulation

Answer 23

Imperative to establishing causality.

Question 24

What are ‘manipulations’ in the example: “Are bright colors in advertisements causing increased sales?”

Answer 24

The researcher would expose some people to an advertisement that used bright colors and other people to an advertisement that used dull colors, and then they would observe the effects on sales based on these manipulations.

Question 25

Experiments take place in two settings:

Answer 25

1. Laboratory experiment 2. Field experiments

Question 26

1: laboratory experiment, where? 2: field experiments, where?

Answer 26

A controlled setting so the researcher might better control efforts at manipulation. Laboratories often simulate living rooms or conference rooms. They have two-way mirrors and cameras mounted on the walls to record what happens. Participants’ natural surroundings; public places, such as shopping malls, libraries, or schools. They might take place in private areas as well. Participants must agree to be a part of the experiment to comply with ethical standards set by educational and research institutions.

Question 27

Survey’s capture people’s ... & Surveys does not allow researchers to claim ...

Answer 27

perception (waarneming) one thing causes another.

Question 28

what is the most common research method?

Answer 28

survey

Question 29

Difference interview/questionnaire: Pro interview Difference interview/questionnaire: Pro questionnaire

Answer 29

it allows the researcher to ask more complex questions because they can clarify misunderstandings through probing questions. it however might be more appropriate for the collections of sensitive information because they provide more anonymity to the respondent.

Question 30

surveys consists of

Answer 30

1: interview, 2: questionnaire

Question 31

what is a type of interview

Answer 31

focus group

Question 32

Key concepts survey research

Answer 32

questioning and sampling.

Question 33

KEY CONCEPT 1 - QUESTIONING, two forms

Answer 33

1: open-ended questions 2: Closed-ended questions

Question 34

1: open-ended questions

Answer 34

allow respondents to answer in their own words, giving as much information as they would like.

Question 35

2: Closed-ended questions

Answer 35

require respondents to the following statement: Product X is a useful product. Would you say ‘strongly agree, agree, neither agree nor disagree’

Question 36

KEY CONCEPT 2 – SAMPLING, two types

Answer 36

Random sample Nonrandom sample

Question 37

random sample: Nonrandom sample: what type of sampling is better?

Answer 37

every member of the target group has an equal chance of being selected. convenience sample or a purposive sample. random sample: It’s more likely to give representative information about brand preferences than a convenience sample.

Question 38

what is texts? (textual analysis)

Answer 38

written or recorded messages

Question 39

when is textual analysis used? (it's used to...)

Answer 39

It’s used to uncover the content, nature, or structure of messages. It can also be used to evaluate messages, focusing on their strengths, weaknesses, effectiveness, or even ethicality.

Question 40

textual analysis: 3 distinct forms

Answer 40

1: rhetorical criticism ‘a systematic method for describing, analyzing, interpreting, and evaluationg the persuasive force of messages’. (overtuigingskracht van boodschappen) 2: content analysis seeks to identify, classify, and analyze the occurrence of particular types of messages. 3: interaction analysis focus on interpersonal or group communication interactions that have been recorded, with a specific emphasis on the nature or structure of interaction.

Question 41

four steps, content analysis:

Answer 41

o Step 1: the selection of a particular text o Step 2: the development of content categories o Step 3: placing the content into categories o Step 4: analysis of the results

Question 42

Textmining // data mining valt onder? Wat is het

Answer 42

content analysis the use of advanced ‘data analysis tools to discover previously unknown, valid patterns and relationshis in large data sets. (Used by computers: to find smart insights quickly in huge amounts of information that humans couldn’t easily go through manually.)

Question 43

Data analytics

Answer 43

Collecting, studying, and using data to make smarter decisions.

Question 44

interaction analysis, ander woord:

Answer 44

conversation analysis

Question 45

Weakness of all three textual analysis

Answer 45

the actual effect on the audience can’t be determined solely by focusing on texts.

Question 46

Where it happens: ethnography

Answer 46

Ethnography happens in the group’s natural setting and adapts its methods to what occurs there.

Question 47

Summary: 1: experiments – focus on 2: survey – focus on 3: textual analysis – focuses on 4: ethnography – focus on

Answer 47

1: experiments – focus on causation and control 2: survey – focus on questioning and sampling 3: textual analysis – focuses on the content, nature, or structure of messages 4: ethnography – focus on the communication rules and meaning in a particular culture/context.

Question 48

Communication combines both

Answer 48

art and science

Question 49

Humanistic approach Social science approach

Answer 49

subjectivity is important: one’s own interpretation is of interest objectivity is important: by using standardized methods, researchers find communication patterns that apply broadly.

Question 50

What are the patterns in social science approach called: And what is it?

Answer 50

generalizations Patterns hold true across groups, time and place. It intended to explain all people, all over the world, throughout history.

Question 51

1: determinism & 2: pragmatism. What is 1, what is 2? Choice: Social scientists and Humanists

Answer 51

1: social scientists 2: humanists

Question 52

determinism pragmatism

Answer 52

they believe people’s actions are shaped by past experiences, personality, and external conditions — people mainly react to situations. believing people have free will and consciously make choices to reach their goals — people act rather than react.

Question 53

determinism: act/react? pragmatism: act/react?

Answer 53

react act

Question 54

Social scientists focus on? Humanist focus on?

Answer 54

causes and effects individual choices and intentions

Question 55

three differentiates, social scientists and humanities?

Answer 55

1: How the humanities and social sciences view human behavior (interpretation) 2:Why theories are developed. (goals) 3: The focus and methods they use.

Question 56

third group of theories: goal:

Answer 56

critical approaches, seeks to improve the world through social change. goal: to empower people in their professional and personal lives.

Question 57

Particularism, social scientists or humanities?

Answer 57

studying the world piece by piece, instead of all at once. = social scientists

Question 58

Social scientists, focus method: Humanities, focus method:

Answer 58

1: standardization and control: particularism 2: looking at the bigger picture: holism

Question 59

Holism, social scientists or humanities?

Answer 59

looking at the situation in its entirety, as the focal point of research. So, not looking at little pieces, but everything at one. They study how everything is connected. = humanities

Question 60

What research method is clearly social scientific (of the 4)? What research method is clearly humanistic (of the 4)?

Answer 60

Experiments Ethnography

Question 61

Can you make generalizations with qualitative or quantitative data?

Answer 61

quantitative data?

Question 62

Two types of methods:

Answer 62

qualitative and quantitative data

Question 63

Experiments, quantitative survey, textual analysis, used by:

Answer 63

social science

Question 64

Ethnography, qualitative survey, textual analysis, used by:

Answer 64

humanities

Question 65

1. Extension 2. Intension

Answer 65

1: the theory grows by adding new ideas or concepts to what already exists. 2: researchers understand the old ideas better and in more depth.

Question 66

Theory without data is (1), Data without theory is (2).

Answer 66

1: meaningless 2: empty

Question 67

Cappuccino model

Answer 67

1: data (espresso) 2: theory (milk) 3: writing (foam)

Question 68

When you have an deduction study, be careful of..

Answer 68

be careful for confirmation bias. Confirmation bias: you let your ‘scientific method’ be a way to affirm your ideas. Studying is about phenomena systematically, not testing your ideas.

Question 69

Besides deduction and induction, there is a third: What is it?

Answer 69

Abductive not purely starting with theory (deductive) or only with data (inductive). It means: using both logic and creativity to find the best possible explanation.

Question 70

The World – Orderly vs Messy

Answer 70

Some researchers believe the world is orderly — everything can be measured and predicted. Others believe the world is messy — full of complex, changing social meanings that can’t always be explained by numbers.

Question 71

The Researcher – Distant vs Involved

Answer 71

A distant researcher stays objective and does not interfere — like in lab experiments. An involved researcher joins the situation, talks to people, and understands their experience — like in interviews or ethnography.

Question 72

Theory – Affirmation vs Generation

Answer 72

 Affirmation: Using theory to confirm or test what we already know.  Generation: Creating new theory from what you observe. 👉 Example: Affirmation = testing a model. Generation = developing a new one from interviews.

Question 73

Findings – Population vs Analytical

Answer 73

 Population findings: Results that apply to many people (quantitative, surveys).  Analytical findings: Results that explain why or how something happens (qualitative, interviews). 👉 Population = big picture; Analytical = deep understanding.

Question 74

Methods – Causality and Consistency, Objectivity and Intersubjectivity

Answer 74

Causality and consistency: Some methods try to find cause-and-effect (positivism). Others focus on consistent understanding (constructionism).  Objectivity = seeing things “from the outside,” being neutral.  Intersubjectivity = understanding things through shared human meaning and agreement.