Chapter 20

Question 1

microevolution

Answer 1

small scale changes in allele frequencies in a population (ex. cells)

Question 2

macroevolution

Answer 2

changes that produce new species & group of species (ex. legs transforming into flippers)

Question 3

speciation

Answer 3

formation of new species (microevolution over time becomes macroevolution in species)

Question 4

sub species

Answer 4

a group within a species that looks a little different but not a different species

Question 5

ecotype

Answer 5

have small genetic differences because they’ve adapted to live in different environments

Question 6

commonly used characteristics for identifying species

Answer 6

1. morphological traits
2. ability to interbreed
3. molecular features (tiny differences in DNA)
4. ecological factors
5. evolutionary relationships (common ancestors)

Question 7

morphological traits

Answer 7

physical features that you can see

Question 8

morphology can be affected by genetic variation that affects the… of the body during development

Answer 8

relative growth rates

Question 9

drawbacks to using morphological traits when deciding if a group of organism is a species

Answer 9

1. hard to know which traits matter most
2. size/ weight can vary a lot within some species (its hard to measure)
3. members of same species can look very different & members of different species can look alike

Question 10

reproductive isolation

Answer 10

2 groups of organisms cant interbreed together (if they do the babies cant survive or reproduce)

Question 11

reproductive isolation drawbacks

Answer 11

1. hard to determine if 2 populations are reproductively isolated (especially if the population have nonoverlapping geographic ranges )
2. doesnt apply to asexual species
3. 2 different species can sometimes mate & have offspring but still stay separate & dont blend into one (ex. horse + donkey= mule)
4. cannot be applied to extinct species

Question 12

molecular features

Answer 12

tiny details inside an organisms cell (( ex. DNA, protein & chromosomes)

Question 13

ecological factors

Answer 13

environmental conditions that affect where an organism can live & how it survives

(habitat differences help differentiate morphologically similar species)

Question 14

evolutionary relationships

Answer 14

how species are related to each other through common ancestors

Question 15

how else can you establish evolutionary relationships

Answer 15

by the analysis of DNA sequences (comparing the genes from sample cells from different individuals)

Question 16

species concepts

Answer 16

different ideas scientists use to decide what makes species

Question 17

what describes a way for defining species?

Answer 17

species concept

Question 18

popular concepts

Answer 18

1. biological species
2. evolutionary lineage concept
3. ecological lineage concept
4. general lineage concept

Question 19

who popularized the biological species concept

Answer 19

ernest mayr

Question 20

which concept was one of the first

Answer 20

biological species concept

Question 21

biological species concept

Answer 21

group of organisms that can mate with each other & have healthy babies

Question 22

george gaylord simspon popularized what concept in 1961?

Answer 22

evolutionary lineage concept

Question 23

evolutionary lineage concept

Answer 23

group of organisms that come from the same family line in evolution

Question 24

who popularized ecological lineage concept in 1976?

Answer 24

leigh van valen

Question 25

ecological lineage concept

Answer 25

a group of organisms that live in the same kind of environment and follow the same way of life

Question 26

de queiroz popularized what concept?

Answer 26

general lineage concept

Question 27

general lineage concept

Answer 27

Each species is a population of an independently evolving lineage (criteria's are used to see if a population is part of an independent evolutionary lineage)

Question 28

reproductive isolating mechanisms

Answer 28

prezygotic and postzygotic

Question 29

prezygotic isolating

Answer 29

things that stop 2 species from breeding BEFORE fertilization happens

Question 30

postzygotic isolating

Answer 30

things that happen AFTER fertilization that stops breeding

Question 31

zygote

Answer 31

the very first cell that forms from when a sperm & egg join togetehr

Question 32

prezygotic isolation mechanisms

Answer 32

- habitat isolation - temporal isolation - mechanism isolation - gametic isolation - behavioral isolation

Question 33

temporal isolation

Answer 33

different seasons or times for mating

Question 34

behavioral isolation

Answer 34

not mating because of different mating behaviors

Question 35

mechanical isolation

Answer 35

morphological features prevent mating (ex. different sizes)

Question 36

gametic isolation

Answer 36

sperm & egg from different species cannot join even if mating happens

Question 37

gametes

Answer 37

special reproductive cells that join to make a baby (sperm, egg)

Question 38

postzygotic isolating mechanism

Answer 38

- hybrid inviability - hybrid sterility - hybrid breakdown

Question 39

hybrid inviability

Answer 39

fertilized egg cant make it past the embryo stages

Question 40

hybrid sterility

Answer 40

hybrids are healthy but cannot reproduce

Question 41

hybrid breakdown

Answer 41

hybrids are healthy & fertile but later generations are weak

Question 42

speciation cause?

Answer 42

accumulation of genetic differences that changes it from its OG species

Question 43

speciation

Answer 43

formation of new species

Question 44

what contributes to new species

Answer 44

- interspecies matings - changes in chromosomes numbers - horizontal gene transfer

Question 45

horizontal gene transfer

Answer 45

when organisms pass on genes without making kids

Question 46

vertical gene transfer

Answer 46

DNA passed from parents to kids

Question 47

caldogenesis

Answer 47

splitting species in 2 or more

Question 48

requires that gene flow between 2 or more populations is interrupted, limiting, or eliminating reproduction between members of populations

Answer 48

cladogenesis

Question 49

allopatric speciation

Answer 49

new species form because a physical barrier divides them into different groups

Question 50

what also happens when small populations move to new locations that are geographically isolated?

Answer 50

allopatric speciation

Question 51

what is the most prelevant way for cladogenesis to occur?

Answer 51

vertical gene transfer

Question 52

adaption radiation

Answer 52

1 species quickly evolves into more new species adapted to a different environment or role

Question 53

hybrid zone

Answer 53

area where interbreeding between 2 populations can happen & create hybrids (if geographic separation is incomplete)

Question 54

3 outcomes of hybrid zones

Answer 54

- reinforcement - fusion stability

Question 55

what can either increase, decrease, or maintain reproductive isolation between populations?

Answer 55

hybrid zones

Question 56

reinforcement

Answer 56

indicates that gene flow through hybrid zones from 1 population to the other is limited

Question 57

reinforces reproductive isolation between 2 populations

Answer 57

reinforcement

Question 58

hybrid zones are also...?

Answer 58

tension zone

Question 59

hybrid zones are where hybrids are...?

Answer 59

selected against & 2 populations on either side are adapted to different environments

Question 60

is fusion a hybrid zone?

Answer 60

yes

Question 61

is fusion opposite or the same to reinforcement?

Answer 61

opposite

Question 62

fusion

Answer 62

hybrids are fit & enable gene flow between the 2 populations will make them genetically similar & reduce reproductive isolating making them 1 again

Question 63

stability

Answer 63

hybrid zone may be maintained for long periods of time (hybrids are less fit but can still be maintained)

Question 64

is sympatric speciation less common than allopatric speciation?

Answer 64

yes

Question 65

sympatric speciation

Answer 65

occurs when members of a species that are within range split into different species without physical barriers

Question 66

polyploidy

Answer 66

type of genetic change that can cause immediate reproductive isolation

Question 67

in polyploidy do they have more than 2 sets of chromosomes?

Answer 67

Yes

Question 68

what can interspecies breeding lead to?

Answer 68

Polyploidy

Question 69

interbreeding between species produces what?

Answer 69

allodiploid

Question 70

allodiploid

Answer 70

organism that has 1 set of chromosomes from 2 different species

Question 71

allotetraploid

Answer 71

organism that 4 sets of chromosomes coming from 2 different species

Question 72

allotetraploid can lead to what?

Answer 72

reproductive isolation

Question 73

hybrid speciation

Answer 73

can become reproductively isolated and form new species

Question 74

development

Answer 74

series of changes in the state of a cell, tissue, organ or organism

Question 75

process that studies how living things grow & develop from a single zygote into a full organism

Answer 75

development

Question 76

evolutionary developmental biology (evo-devo)

Answer 76

study of how changes in development can explain evolution

Question 77

pattern formation

Answer 77

genes that play a role in development influence cell division, cell migration, cell differentiation, and cell death

Question 78

cell death is also

Answer 78

apoptosis

Question 79

are hox genes are found in nearly all species of animals

Answer 79

yes

Question 80

hox gene function

Answer 80

gene code transcription factors that act as master control proteins for directing the formation of particular regions of the body

Question 81

what controls a hierarchy of regulatory genes that regulate gene coding proteins that affect the morphology?

Answer 81

hox genes

Question 82

what does an increase in hox genes do?

Answer 82

allow each of the master control genes to become more specialized in the regions it controls

Question 83

heterochrony

Answer 83

differences among species in the rate or timing of developmental events

Question 84

differences in expression of 2 cell signaling proteins

Answer 84

- BMP4 -gremlin

Question 85

BMP4

Answer 85

causes cells to undergo programmed cell death & die