Bio 105 > midterm flashcards > Flashcards

midterm flashcards

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1
Q

cell wall

A

tough outer layer that protects the cell and helps keeps the cells shape

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2
Q

are viruses alive?

A

non living infectious particles that consist of nucleic acid genomes in a protein coat

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3
Q

how does a virus/ genetic material replicate?

A

is taken up by living cells

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4
Q

plasmodium

A

tiny parasite that causes malaria

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5
Q

plasmid

A

small circular piece of dna that are in bacterial cells

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6
Q

can plasmid replicate independetley?

A

yes, they are also physically seperate

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7
Q

hardy weinburg equilibrium

A

states that alleles and genotype frequencies in a population remain constant in each generation following with no evolutionary changes

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8
Q

in p+q=1 what is the p and q stand for

A

p is domainant, q is recesssive

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9
Q

in p2+q2+2pq=1 what does 2pq stand for

A

hetergozygous

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10
Q

transduction

A

genetic material is transferred from one bacterium to another through viruses

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11
Q

p+q=1 is for what frequecny?

A

allele

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12
Q

p2+q2+2pq=1 is for what frequency

A

genotype

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13
Q

conditions for hardy weinburg equilibrium

A

-no new mutations
- no natural selection
- population is large so allele frequencies dont change because of random sampling error
- no migration between different populations
-random mating

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14
Q

if any of the hardyweinburg conditions are not met can it be used?

A

no

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15
Q

natural selection patterns

A

directional, stabilizing, diversifying, balencing

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16
Q

directional

A

extreme phenotype is more likely to survive

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17
Q

stabilizing

A

average phenotypes are more likely to survive

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18
Q

diversifying/disruptive

A

extremes survive. cant survive in an intermediate environment

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19
Q

balencing

A

different versions of a gene around, rather than just one

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20
Q

genetic drift

A

changes can happen by chance which makes genes more or less common especially if the group is small. changes gene by changing frequency of allele

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21
Q

bottleneck

A

reduces then rebuilds population. new population is likely to have less genetic variation

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22
Q

gene flow/migration

A

transfer of alleles in or out of population when individuals migrate between populations with different allele frequencies

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23
Q

nonrandom mating

A

not choosing mates strategically (phenotype and genotype dont matter)

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24
Q

non random mating forms

A

assertive, disassortive, inbreeding

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25
assertive
individuals with similar phenotypes are more likely to mate (decreasess heterozygotes)
26
disassortive
individuals with different phenotypes mate (increases heterozygotes)
27
speciation
when one group changes so much that they become a completely new species
28
reproductive isolation
2 groups of organisms cant make kids (if they do kids die)
29
molecular features
tiny details in an organisms cells used to compare species because looks are decieving
30
species concepts
different ideas used to decide what makes a species
31
biological species concept
group of organisms that can mate with each other and have healthy babies
32
evolutionary lineage concept
group of organisms that come from the same family line in evolution
33
ecological lineage concept
group of species that come from same family & fill the same job in the enviornment
34
general lineage concept
group of species that come from the same ancestors
35
reproductive isolating mechanisms
prezygotic, postzygotiic
36
prezygotic
stops breeding before fertilization
37
postzygotic
stops breeding after fertilizion
38
prezygotic isolation mechanisms
habitat, temporal, mechanical, gametic
39
gametic isolation
sperm and egg from different species cant mix even if mating happens
40
postzygotic isolation mechanism
hybrid invibility, hybrid sterility, hybrid breakdown
41
hybrid inviabilty
can make baby but baby cant develop past early stages
42
hybrid sterility
can make baby but baby cant reproduce
43
hybrid breakdown
hyrbid can have kids but kids are weak or cant reproduce
44
adaptive radiation
1 species quiickly evolves into many new ones adapted to a different enviornment or role
45
outcomes of hybrid zones
reinforcement, fusion stability
46
molecular clock
average rate species genomes accumalate mutations
47
aerobic respiration
converts glucose and oxygen into (ATP)energy, carbon dioxide and water
48
anerbobic respiration (bacteria
occurs when there is no oxygen. cells produce energy by breaking down glucose
49
bmp4
gives cells instructions for development (forming body parts)
50
gremlin
helps control growth and development in the body. it blocks bmp4 so tissues and organs grow properly (makes sure it grows correctly)
51
Half life
time it takes for half of the biological substance to be broken down or removed
52
hiv reprodcution
is a retrovirus that causes aids
53
emerging viruses
came about recently or have a greater chance of causing infection
54
aids
leads to defect in immune system
55
viral reproductive cycles
steps that result in production of new viruses during viral infection
56
step 1 (attachment)
virus attaches to surface of host cell
57
step 2(entry)
viral genome enters host cell
58
step 3 (intergration)
viral genome is inserted into host chromosome
59
lysogenic cycle
virus cycle where virus hides inside of host cell instead of immediately destroying it
60
reverse transciptase
viral enzyme catalyzes the synthesis of viral dna starting with Rna as guidelines
61
retrovirus
Rna virus that uses reverse transcription to produce viral dna that can be integrated into host cell genome
62
provirus
viral dna that has integrated in a eukaryotic chromosome and stays there quietly and reproduces.
63
step 5 (viral assembly)
after all necessary components have been synthesized they are then assembled into new viruses
63
step 4 (synthesis of viral components)
production of new viruses by a host cell involves synthesis of new copies of the viral genome and viral proteins that make up protein coat
64
step 6 (release)
bacteria: lysis releases a loot of new phages into enviornment where they can infect other bacteria then cycle restarts animal: budding
65
lytic cycle
steps 1-6 because it leads to cell lysis
66
hiv spike
glycoprotiens
67
what cell is affected in hiv
helper T cells
68
how did allele microorganisms produce energy
anerobic and didnt need oxygen
69
early earth
had little to no oxygen
70
amniotic egg
prevent desecration of embryo, carbinferous
71
flowering plants emerge
mesozoic era, cambrian period
72
prokaryote
single celled organism that doesnt have nucleus or memrane bound organelles
73
eurkaryotes
complex cell that has nucleus and membrane bound organelles (chloroplasts, mitochondria)
74
heterochrony
rate of which each organism can develop
75
anagenesis
gradually changes into new form over time without splitting into multiple forms
76
hox genes
genes that control the body plan during early development
77
antiviral drugs
inhibit viral proliferation inside host cells
78
malaria symptoms
79
fossils
80
p53 amino acis
81
hiv treatment drugs
AZT(azidothymine) - prevents reverse transciptase
82
genes in eukaryotes for transcription and translation
83
behavioral isolation
in
84
human skull vs chimpanzee drug
85
structures that show homology in humans
Bio 105
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