chapter 22 bio

Question 1

the processes that have transformed life on earth from it’s earliest forms to the diversity that characterizes it today

Answer 1

evolution

Question 2

essentialism

Answer 2

biological world contends discrete types and variation within types is unimportant

Question 3

population thinking

Answer 3

variations within populations is real and important

Question 4

Carlos Linnaeus

Answer 4

• father of modern taxonomy
• 2 part naming system, genus and specied s

Question 5

binomial nomenclature

Answer 5

bi = two nomen = name
italicized or underlined
first word capitalized second not

Question 6

Georges Cuvier

Answer 6

• fossil record
• catastrophism
• extinction
• still notion of fixed species

Question 7

what is catastrophism

Answer 7

the Earth has been shaped by sudden, often unpredicted, events that are short-lived but impactful

Question 8

James hutton

Answer 8

gradualism - slow and continuous process= big change

Question 9

Charles Lyell

Answer 9

uniformitarianism- rate of processes has not changes so it has taken a long time for the world to get to the way it is

Question 10

observations from Charles and lyell

Answer 10

the earth must be older than 6000 years old

Question 11

jean baptiste Lamarck

Answer 11

compared vertebrates and invertebrates with fossils
- right idea wrong mechanisms

Question 12

jean baptiste lamarck was most famous for

Answer 12

being the first of Darwins predecessors/ contemporaries to believe that species changes over time

Question 13

evolution is best defined as a change in

Answer 13

the genetic makeup of a population

Question 14

when two species start to resemble one another because of similar selection pressures we describe this as

Answer 14

covergent evolution

Question 15

the role of humans in artificial selection is to

Answer 15

decide which organisms breed and which do not

Question 16

non homologous structures are also referred to as

Answer 16

being “ designed for function “ through convergent evolution

Question 17

the types of evolutionary homology that we have to look at embryos / fetuses to study is

Answer 17

developmental

Question 18

who is the founder of palaeontology

Answer 18

Georges Cuvier

Question 19

what does it mean that an individual has greater evolutionary fitness

Answer 19

leaves more viable offpspring

Question 20

a variant form of a given gene one of two or more versions of a trait is defined as a

Answer 20

allele

Question 21

which piece strongly supports the common origin of all life on earth

Answer 21

• all organisms use essentially the same genetic code

Question 22

Darwins observations

Answer 22

• members of a population often vary greatly in their traits
• all species are capable of producing more offspring than their environment can support

Question 23

Darwins inferences

Answer 23

• individuals with traits that have a higher probability of surviving and reproducing tend to leave more offspring
• favourable traits accumulate in the population over generations

Question 24

natural selection

Answer 24

• natural selection is a process in which individuals that have certain heritable traits survive and because of those traits reproduce a higher number of individuals

Question 25

mendel

Answer 25

- cross breaded pea plants - discovered the punnet square

Question 26

artificial selection

Answer 26

when humans choose which animals breed an example of this was the wild mustard turning into broccoli, cauliflower, etc.

Question 27

homology

Answer 27

similarity in characteristics resulting from common ancestry known as homology

Question 28

anatomical homologies

Answer 28

homologous structures vestigal organs

Question 29

vestigial traits ( humans)

Answer 29

a good example of a vestigial trait would be goose bumps which come from the arrestor pill which is a tiny muscle at base of each hair follicle

Question 30

embryological/ developmental homologies

Answer 30

may need to look at embyonic stager for homologies

Question 31

molecular homologies

Answer 31

-anatomically dissimilar organisms will still share some degree of the genetic code -we can use the degree of similarity to examine relatedness

Question 32

all vertebrates possess gill pouches at some point in their life

Answer 32

true

Question 33

biogeography

Answer 33

the study of geographic distribution of life forms on earth ( living and extinct)

Question 34

four lines of evidence for evolution by natural selection

Answer 34

- fossil record -Comparative Anatomy ( homologous structures) - molecular biology ( DNA and proteins) - biogeography

Question 35

locus

Answer 35

the specific location of a gene or DNA sequence on a chromosome in latin loci= place

Question 36

all alleles at all gene loci in all individuals of a population at any one time

Answer 36

gene pool

Question 37

the proportional contribution of a certain allele in the gene pool

Answer 37

allelic frequency

Question 38

evolution on the smallest scale - change in relative frequency of all alleles in a population over several generations

Answer 38

microevolution

Question 39

selection leads to

Answer 39

microevolution

Question 40

why is a population the smallest unit of evolution?

Answer 40

- once born, the genotype is fixed. - individuals have a finite life span( will always be BB,Bb or bb) population has continuity from generation to generation

Question 41

why did Darwin call it natural selection

Answer 41

Darwin called this mechanism of evolutionary adaptation natural selection because the natural environment consistently “selects” for the propagation of certain traits among naturally occurring variant traits in the population.

Question 42

Explain why “editing” is an appropriate metaphor for how natural selection acts on a population’s heritable variation.

Answer 42

it highlights how the process selectively keeps beneficial heritable traits and removes or discards less advantageous ones within a population,

Question 43

Why is natural selection called a theory?

Answer 43

Natural selection is called a theory because, in science, a theory is a well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world that is supported by a vast body of evidence, has withstood repeated testing, and can make reliable predictions

Question 44

Biologists classify species according to a system of broader and broader groups. Domain Bacteria and domain Archaea consist of

Answer 44

prokaryotes

Question 45

Domain Eukarya

Answer 45

the eukarotes

Question 46

Which of the following best demonstrates the unity among all organisms? emergent properties descent with modification the structure and function of DNA natural selection

Answer 46

- the structure and function of DNA

Question 47

A heritable trait is one that

Answer 47

is determined at least in part by genes passed from parents to offspring.

Question 48

What does it mean that organisms have a nearly universal genetic code?

Answer 48

A specific DNA sequence encodes the same information in one species as it would in nearly any other.

Question 49

A biologist observes that a particular plant species is found in a forest but not in a nearby meadow. She hypothesizes that the plants could grow in the meadow but are not found there because their seeds have yet to land in the meadow. Which of the following would be the most appropriate way to scientifically evaluate this hypothesis?

Answer 49

scattering seeds in several areas of the meadow and observing whether they start to grow

Question 50

lamarcks beliefs

Answer 50

He explained his findings using two principles that were widely accepted at the time. The first was use and disuse, the idea that parts of the body that are used extensively become larger and stronger, while those that are not used deteriorate. Among many examples, he cited a giraffe stretching its neck to reach leaves on high branches. The second principle, inheritance of acquired characteristics, stated that an organism could pass these modifications to its offspring. Lamarck reasoned that the long, muscular neck of the living giraffe had evolved over many generations as giraffes stretched their necks ever higher.

Question 51

Humans have modified other species over many generations by selecting and breeding individuals that possess desired traits, a process called

Answer 51

artificial selection