1
Q
leukocytes include 3 types of granulocytes:
A
1- neutrophil
2- basophil
3- eosinophil
2
Q
leukocytes include 2 types of agranulocytes:
A
1- monocyte
2- lymphocyte
3
Q
monocytes
A
become macrophages when they leave blood and enter tissues
4
Q
lymphocytes consist of
A
1- B-lymphocytes
2- T-lymphocytes
3- Natural Killer Cells
5
Q
most leukocytes are in ___________ ___________
A
body tissues
6
Q
secondary lymphoid structures
A
- lymph nodes
- spleen
- tonsils
7
Q
connective tissue houses ________ cells
A
mast
8
Q
secondary lymphoid structures house ______________, _______________, ______________, ______________, and ____________________
A
- B-lymphocytes
- T-lymphocytes
- NK cells
- macrophages
- dendritic cells
9
Q
select organs house ______________
A
macrophages
10
Q
skin and mucosal membranes house _________________
A
dendritic cells
11
Q
connective tissue throughout the body house _______________
A
mast cells
12
Q
IL
A
interleukin
13
Q
Indigenous microbiota
A
friendly bacteria
14
Q
cytokines
A
small proteins that regulate immune activity
15
Q
effects of cytokines
A
- signaling cells
- controlling development and behavior of immune cells
- regulating inflammatory response
- destroying cells
16
Q
two categories of the immune system
A
1- innate immunity
2- adaptive immunity
17
Q
innate immunity
A
- present at birth
- nonspecific
- protects against a variety of different substances
18
Q
adaptive immunity
A
- acquired/specific immunity
- response to antigen involves specific B and T-lymphocytes
- takes several days to be effective
19
Q
1st line of defense
A
includes barriers of skin and mucosal membrane (prevent entry); innate immunity
20
Q
2nd line of defense
A
nonspecific cellular and molecular internal defense; innate immunity
21
Q
3rd line of defense
A
specific T- and B-lymphocytes; adaptive immunity
22
Q
mucous membranes
A
line body openings
23
Q
mucous membranes produce _______ and release ________________ ______________
A
mucus/ antimicrobial substances
24
Q
neutrophils
A
- most prevalent leukocyte in blood
- first to arrive during the inflammatory response
- phagocytic
25
macrophages
- reside in tissues throughout the body
- arrive later and stay longer than neutrophils
26
dendritic cells
destroy particles and then present fragments
27
___________ are presented on dendritic cell surface to T-lymphocytes
antigens
28
heparin is a
coagulant
29
basophils and mast cells promote ______________
inflammation
30
basophils ___________ in the __________ while mast cells reside in _______________ ________, _________, and ____________ _________
circulate in the blood/ connective tissue, mucosa, internal organs
31
basophils and mast cells release ____________ containing chemicals
granules
32
basophils and mast cells attract __________ cells
immune
33
histamine
increases vasodilation and capillary permeability
34
basophils and mast cells attract chemotaxis chemical such as ___________ and ____________
histamine and heparin
35
NK (natural killer) cells
destroy unhealthy/unwanted cells by releasing cytotoxic chemicals
36
NK cells accumulate in ____________ ___________ __________
secondary lymphoid structures
37
cytotoxic chemicals released by NK cells
perforin and granzymes
38
perforin
creates a transmembrane pore in an unwanted cell
39
granzymes
enter pore and cause apoptosis of cell
40
interferons (IFN)
a class of cytokines that nonspecifically interferes with spread of intracellular pathogens
41
interferons bind to ______________ cells and prevent their infection
neighboring
42
interferons interfere with
viral replication
43
interferons stimulate _____________ and _______________ to destroy virus-infected cells
NK cells and macrophages
44
complement system
group of over 30 plasma proteins
45
effects of activated complement
- inflammation
- opsonization
- cytolysis
46
inflammation
enhanced by a complement
- activates mast cells and basophils
- attracts neutrophils and macrophages
47
opsonization
complement protein (opsonin) binds to pathogen
- enhances the likelihood of phagocytosis of pathogenic cell
48
cytolysis
complement triggers splitting of target cell
- complement proteins form a membrane attack complex (MAC) that creates a channel in the target cell's membrane
- fluid enters causing cell lysis
49
chemotaxis
attracted to wound/inflammation
50
diapedesis
makes opening in blood vessel
51
inflammation
an immediate response to ward off unwanted substances
- local, nonspecific response of vascularized tissue to injury, infection
52
cardinal signs of inflammation
- redness
- heat
- swelling
- pain
- loss of function
53
fever (pyrexia)
abnormal body temperature elevation
54
a fever is considered
1℃ or more from normal 37℃
55
fever results from
release of pyrogens (interferons)
56
benefits of fever
- inhibits reproduction of bacteria and viruses
- promotes interferon activity
- increases activity of adaptive immunity
- accelerates tissue repair
57
Ig
immunoglobulin
58
pus is
exudate
59
pus contains
- destroyed pathogens
- dead leukocytes
- macrophages
- cellular debris
60
If pus isn't completely cleared, it may form an
abscess
61
adaptive immunity is the ____ line of defense
3rd
62
adaptive immunity involves
specific lymphocyte responses to an antigen
63
immune response consists of
lymphocytes and their products
64
two branches of adaptive immunity
1- cell-mediated immunity
2- antibody-mediated/humoral immunity
65
cell-mediated immunity
involving T-lymphocytes; antigens within cells
66
antibody-mediated immunity (humoral immunity)
involving B-lymphocytes, plasma cells, and antibodies; antigens outside of cells
67
adaptive immunity is a ________________ ______________ to a pathogen
customized response
68
antigen
substance that binds a T-lymphocyte or antibody
69
antigen is usually a
protein or a large polysaccharide
70
B-lymphocytes
make direct contact with antigen
71
T-lymphocytes
- managers
- must have antigen processed
72
antigens are _______ _____
name tags
73
cytokine
chemical messenger that is released by immune system cells
74
plasma cells
activated B-cells
- produce antibodies
75
helper T-cells
captains/managers
76
CD4 is found on
T-helper cells
77
CD8 is found on
cytotoxic T-cell
78
T-lymphocyte subtypes
- helper T-lymphocytes
- cytotoxic T-lymphocytes
79
helper T-lymphocytes (Th)
help activate B-lymphocytes and other immune cells
- contain the CD4+ in plasma membrane
- investigates MHC II antigens
80
cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (Tc)
release chemicals toxic to cells
- contain CD8 in the plasma membrane
- investigates MHC I antigens
81
TCR
T-Cell Receptor
- "hitch"
82
BCR
B-Cell Receptor
- how the B-cell gets its leads
83
IgD
helps find antigens or things to investigate
84
MHC I
found on ALL nucleated cells
85
MHC II
are found on APCs only; safe antigen holder
86
Antigen Presentation
cells display antigen on plasma membrane so T-cells can recognize it
87
2 categories of cell present antigens
1- all nucleated cells present antigens
2- antigen-presenting cells (APCs)
88
antigen-presenting cells (ACPs)
immune cells that present to BOTH helper T-cells and cytotoxic T-cells
- include:
- dendritic cells
- macrophages
- B-lymphocytes
89
antigen presentation requires attachment of antigen to ___________
major histocompatibility complex (MHC)
90
MHC
a group of transmembrane proteins; antigen holder
91
formation of lymphocytes occurs in
primary lymphoid structures (red bone marrow and thymus)
92
activation of lymphocytes in
secondary lymphoid structures they are exposed to antigen and become activated
- replicate to form identical lymphocytes
93
T-lymphocytes migrate to
site of infection
94
B-lymphocytes stay in
secondary lymphoid structure as plasma cells
95
T-lymphocytes originate in
red bone marrow
96
SCID
severe combined immunodeficiency disease
97
formation of T-lymphocytes
- originate in red bone marrow
- migrate to thymus as pre-T-lymphocytes to complete maturation
- initially have both CD4 and CD8 proteins
- possess unique TCR produced randomly
- each cell has its TCR "tested" through a process of selection
98
effector response
action of lymphocytes to eliminate antigen
99
effector responses of T and B-lymphocytes
- T-lymphocytes: migrate to site of infection
- B-lymphocytes: stay in secondary lymphoid structure
100
first signal of the activation of cytotoxic T-lymphocytes
- direct contact between TCR of cytotoxic T-cell and peptide fragment with MCH I molecule
- interaction stabilized by CD8 of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte
101
second signal of the activation of cytotoxic T-lymphocytes
- other receptors of APC and T-cell interact
- IL-2 released from HELPER T-cells binds to and stimulates cytotoxic T-lymphocytes
102
activated cytotoxic T-cells proliferate and differentiate
- some become activated cytotoxic T-lymphocytes
- others become memory cytotoxic T-lymphocytes
103
B-lymphocytes need to be _______________, but can respond to antigens ___________ of cells
activated/outside
104
first signal of activation of helper T-lymphocyte
direct contact with MHC molecule of APC
105
the process of the first signal of activation of helper T-lymphocyte
CD4 binds with MHC class II molecule of APC; TCR interacts with antigen within MHC class II molecule
106
second signal of the activation of helper T-lymphocyte
other receptors of APC and T-cell interact
107
helper T-cells proliferate, forming clones of helper T-cells
- some cells become activated helper T-lymphocytes, that produce IL-2
- some cells become memory-helper T-lymphocytes, available for future encounters
108
first signal of the B-lymphocyte activation
free antigen binds to BCR; B-lymphocyte engulfs and presents antigen to activated helper T-lymphocyte
109
second signal of the B-lymphocyte activation
IL-4 released from activated helper-T-lymphocyte stimulates B-lymphocyte
110
activated B-lymphocyte proliferates and differentiates to form a clone of _________________ and ________________
plasma cells and memory B-lymphocytes
111
MHC class II
safe antigen holder
112
IgD
antibodies are the receptors on a B-cell
113
proliferates
makes a copy
114
antibody structure
antigen-binding site is a variable site meaning its customizable
115
neutralization
smother the pathogen with antibodies
116
agglutination
making big clumps of bad guys
117
precipitation
drag down the bad guy making it heavier so it can't easily move around
118
five major classes of immunoglobulins
- IgG
- IgM
- IgA
- IgD
- IgE
119
IgA
- saliva, tears, breastmilk (body secretions)
- protects respiratory and GI tract
120
IgD
antigen-specific B-lymphocyte receptor (BCR)
121
IgE
- parasites and allergic reactions
- attracts eosinophils
122
IgG
- 75-85% of antibodies in blood
- can cross the placenta and cause hemolytic disease in newborns (HDN)
123
IgM
- found mostly in blood
- large, pentameter structure
- most effective at agglutination
- responsible for rejection of mismatched transfusions
124
primary response
antibody production for first exposure
125
secondary response
future exposure to a known pathogen
126
antibody titer
the amount of antibodies in your blood stream
127
active immunity
production of memory cells due to contact with antigen
-work, but good for future
128
naturally acquired active immunity
direct exposure to antigen following entry of the pathogen into the body naturally; get sick
129
artificially acquired active immunity
antigen exposure from vaccine
130
passive immunity
no production of memory cells; antibodies from another person or an animal; obtained from another individual
131
naturally acquired passive immunity
transfer is mother to child across the placenta or in breast milk
132
artificially acquired passive immunity
transfer of serum containing antibodies from another person or animal
133
acute hypersensitivity (allergy)
exaggerated response of immune system to a noninfectious substance, or allergen
134
allergen examples
pollen, latex, peanuts
135
allergic asthma
labored breathing and coughing
136
hives
red welts and itchy skin
Anatomy and Physiology 211
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