Anatomy and Physiology 211 > Chapter 24: Urinary System > Flashcards

Chapter 24: Urinary System Flashcards

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1
Q

processes that occur as filtrate is converted to urine:

A
  • elimination of metabolic wastes
  • regulation of ion levels
  • regulation of pH balance
  • regulation of blood pressure
  • elimination of biologically active molecules
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2
Q

other functions of the kidney

A
  • formation/conversion of calcitriol from vit. D
  • production and release of erythropoietin
  • potential to engage in gluconeogenesis
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3
Q

filtrate

A
  • 180 L/day
  • filtered sample of plasma with small solutes and minimal protein
  • caught within capsular space and funneled into PCT
  • materials not filtered remain in blood
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4
Q

filtrate occurs in the

A

renal corpuscle

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5
Q

tubular fluid

A

modified filtrate in the process

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6
Q

tubular fluid flows through

A
  • PCT
  • nephron loop
  • DCT
  • enters collecting tubules
  • empties into collecting ducts
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7
Q

urine

A

final product for elimination

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8
Q

urine flows through

A
  • papillary duct
  • minor calyx
  • major calyx
  • renal pelvis
  • ureter
  • urinary bladder
  • urethra
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9
Q

glomerular filtration

A

the movement of substances from the blood within the glomerulus into the capsular space

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10
Q

tubular reabsorption

A

the movement of substances from the tubular fluid back into the blood

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11
Q

tubular secretion

A

the movement of substances from the blood into the tubular fluid

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12
Q

most tubular reabsorption occurs at the

A

PCT

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13
Q

tubular secretion is ____________ at the DCT

A

highly variable

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14
Q

___________ strongly affect the DCT

A

hormones

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15
Q

filtration membrane

A
  • composed of three sandwiched layers
  • to enter filtrate, must pass through three layers
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16
Q

filtration slits are the

A

gaps between the podocytes

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17
Q

pedicels

A

processes on podocytes that wrap around the glomerulus to support the capillary wall

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18
Q

holes within the glomerular capillaries are called

A

fenestrations

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19
Q

filtration membrane can be damaged by high

A

blood pressure

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20
Q

Should formed elements be in the filtrate?

A

no

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21
Q

filtrate includes

A
  • water
  • glucose
  • amino acids
  • ions
  • urea
  • some hormones
  • vitamins B and C
  • ketones
  • very small amounts of protein
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22
Q

glomerular hydrostatic pressure (HPg)

A

blood pressure in the glomerulus that pushes water and some solutes out of the blood into the capsular space
- driving force
- usually 60 mmHg

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23
Q

blood colloid osmotic pressure (OPg)

A

pressure of albumin in blood
- opposes filtration
- osmotic pressure exerted by dissolved solutes
- usually 32 mmHg

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24
Q

capsular hydrostatic pressure (HPc)

A

fluid pressure in the nephron
- detects any obstructions in the nephron or urinary tract
- opposes filtration
- usually 18 mmHg

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25
finding the net filtration pressure (NFP)
HPg - (OPg + HPc) = NFP
26
average of NFP
10 mmHg
27
glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
rate at which the volume of filtrate is formed
28
increased HPg and NFP leads to
- increases GFR - decreases filtrate reabsorption - more solutes and H2O remain in tubular fluid and urine
29
GFR is tightly regulated based on
physiological conditions
30
GFR regulated by
- intrinsic controls - extrinsic controls
31
intrinsic controls
autoregulation of the kidneys
32
extrinsic controls
something from outside the kidneys is influencing it (hormones and nervous system)
33
renal autoregulation
intrinsic control - ability of kidney to maintain consistent GFR despite fluctuations in systematic arterial pressure
34
decreased systematic BP results in
vasodilation of afferent arteriole
35
increased systematic BP results in
vasoconstriction of afferent arteriole
36
neural and hormonal control
extrinsic controls - physiological processes that intentionally change GFR - different from renal autoregulation which maintains GFR
37
increasing GFR through
atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
38
increasing GFR through ANP's net effect
GFR increased and filtrate increased; more fluid eliminated in urine, which decreases blood volume
39
decreasing GFR through
sympathetic stimulation
40
decreasing GFR through sympathetic stimulation's net effect
GFR decreased and filtrate decreased; more fluid retained in blood, which maintains blood volume
41
peritubular capillary
- low hydrostatic pressure - high colloid osmotic pressure
42
paracellular transport
movement of substances between epithelial cells
43
transcellular transport
movement of substances across epithelial cells
44
transport maximum (Tm)
maximum rate of substance that can be reabsorbed
45
renal threshold
max blood plasma concentration of substance that can be "contained" in blood without appearing in the urine
46
glucosuria (glycosuria)
- excretion of glucose in urine - glucose acts as an osmotic diuretic
47
PCT reabsorption
- 100% of nutrients - majority of water - majority of ions: - Na+ - Cl- - K+ - Ca++ - HCO3-
48
PCT secretion
- some drugs - nitrogenous wastes
49
nephron loop reabsorption
- Na+ and Cl- - water
50
most sodium reabsorption occurs at the
PCT
51
what hormones affect sodium reabsorption at the DCT
aldosterone and ANP
52
DCT and collecting duct reabsorption
- Na+ (regulated by aldosterone and ANP) - water (regulated by aldosterone and ADH) - Ca++ ( increased by PTH)
53
where does most water reabsorption occur
PCT
54
what hormone affects water reabsorption at the DCT
ADH
55
water is attracted to
- colloids - sugars - sodium
56
where potassium is absorbed the most
PCT
57
DCT and collecting duct secretion
- K+ (in exchange for Na+) - H+ (if pH is low) - HCO3- (if pH is high)
58
nitrogenous waste
metabolic waste containing nitrogen
59
main nitrogenous waste products
- urea - uric acid - creatinine
60
urea
- both reabsorbed and secreted - a molecule produced from protein breakdown
61
uric acid
- produced from nucleic acid breakdown in liver - both reabsorbed and secreted
62
creatinine
- produced from creatinine metabolism in muscle - only secreted
63
substances eliminated as waste products: drugs and bioactive substances
most secretions occuring in PCT - certain drugs (penicillin, aspirin) - other metabolic wastes (urobilin) - some hormones (human chorionic gonadotropin)
64
GFR can be measured with
- insulin injection - creatinine clearance test
65
urine composition
- 95% water - 5% solutes (salts, nitrogenous wastes, some hormones, drugs, ketone bodies)
66
urine volume
- 1-2 L per day - minimum of 0.5 L to eliminate wastes
67
urine pH
normally between 4.5-8.0 - more acidic- protein or wheat - less acidic- fruits and vegetables
68
urine specific gravity
- density of a substance compared water - urine slightly greater than H20
69
urine color
ranges from almost clear to dark yellow
70
urinoid
normal smell of fresh urine
71
micturition
expulsion of urine from the bladder
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