Paramedic 45 > Chapter 23: Book Deck > Flashcards

Chapter 23: Book Deck Flashcards

(67 cards)

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1
Q

The process of air movement into and out of the lungs.

A

Ventilation.

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2
Q

The movement of a substance from an area with higher concentration of particles to an area with a lower concentration.

A

Diffusion.

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3
Q

The circulation of blood through the lung tissues (capillary bed).

A

Perfusion.

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4
Q

A noninvasive monitoring technique that provides insight into ventilation and indirectly to circulation and metabolism.

A

Capnography.

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5
Q

Decreased carbon dioxide (Possible causes).

A
  • Anxiety.
  • Hyperventilation.
  • Bronchospasm.
  • Pulmonary embolus.
  • Decreased cardiac output.
  • Hypotension.
  • Pulmonary edema.
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6
Q

Increased carbon dioxide (Possible causes).

A
  • Sedation.
  • Overdose.
  • Hypoventilation.
  • Chronic hypercapnia.
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7
Q

Long expiratory phase shown by “Shark-fin” waveform (possible causes).

A
  • Asthma.
  • Bronchospasm.
  • Bronchoconstriction.
  • Uneven emptying of the alveoli.
  • Breath struggle.
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8
Q

ETCO2 Values
Normal:

A

35-45 mmHg

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9
Q

ETCO2 Values
Hypoventilation/Hypercapnia:

A

> 45mmHg

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10
Q

ETCO2 Values
Hyperventilation/Hynocapnia:

A

<35mmHg

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11
Q

A condition involving inflammatory changes and excessive mucus production in the bronchial tree.

A

Chronic bronchitis.

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12
Q

Results from pathologic changes in the lung. (It is the end stage of a process that progresses slowly for many years.)

A

Emphysema.

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13
Q

Emphysema (Signs and symptoms).

A
  • Thin, barrel-chest appearance.
  • Nonproductive cough.
  • Wheezing and rhonchi.
  • Pink complexion
  • Extreme dyspnea on exertion.
  • Prolonged inspiration (pursed-lip breathing)
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14
Q

Chronic Bronchitis (Signs and symptoms)

A
  • Typically overweight.
  • Productive cough with sputum.
  • Coarse rhonchi.
  • Chronic cyanosis.
  • Mild, chronic dyspnea.
  • Resistance on inspiration and expiration.
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15
Q

The act of drawing air into the lungs.

A

Inspiration.

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16
Q

Breathing out (exhalation); normally a passive process.

A

Expiration.

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17
Q

A reactive airway disease, common disorder that affects over 21 million American adults and 4.2 million children.

A

Asthma.

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18
Q

Asthma (Signs and symptoms)

A
  • Dyspnea, cough, wheezing.
  • Prolonged expiration.
  • Eosinophilia.
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19
Q

Serious signs of impending respiratory failure.

A
  • Lethargy.
  • Exhaustion.
  • Agitation.
  • Nasal flaring.
  • Confusion.
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20
Q

Nebulized Beta-2 Agonists (Common Asthma Medications)

A
  • Albuterol.
  • Levalbuterol.
  • Pirbuterol.
  • Salmeterol.
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21
Q

Inhaled Anticholinergics (Common Asthma Medications)

A
  • Ipratropium.
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22
Q

Corticosteroids (IV) (Common Asthma Medications)

A
  • Methylprednisolone.
  • Dexamethasone.
  • Prednisone (Oral for children).
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23
Q

Corticosteroids (Inhaled). (Common Asthma Medications)

A
  • Triamcinolone.
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24
Q

Leukotriene Modifiers. (Common Asthma Medications)

A
  • Montelukast, Zafirlukast, Zileuton.
  • Magnesium sulfate (IV).
  • Epinephrine or terbutaline (subcutaneous or intramuscular).
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25
The pressure in the lungs (Alveolar pressure) above atmospheric pressure that exists at the end of expiration; may be intrinsic or extrinsic.
Positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP)
26
Oxygen therapy should be targeted to an SPo2 reading of:
94% to 98%
27
A severe, prolonged asthma attack that remains unresponsive to repeated doses of bronchodilators.
Status Asthmaticus.
28
Asthma (Signs/Symptoms Associated with Wheezing)
- Nonproductive cough - Tightness in chest.
29
Bacterial pneumonia (Signs/Symptoms Associated with Wheezing)
- Productive cough - Pleuritic pain - Fever
30
Chronic bronchitis (Signs/Symptoms Associated with Wheezing)
Chronic productive cough
31
Emphysema (Signs/Symptoms Associated with Wheezing)
Cough
32
Foreign body aspiration (Signs/Symptoms Associated with Wheezing)
- Cough - Wheezing - Stridor
33
Heart Failure (Signs/Symptoms Associated with Wheezing)
- Cough - Orthopnea - Nocturnal dyspnea
34
Pneumothorax (Signs/Symptoms Associated with Wheezing)
Sudden - Sharp pleuritic pain - Dyspnea
35
Pulmonary embolism (Signs/Symptoms Associated with Wheezing)
Sudden - Sharp pleuritic pain - Tachycardia - Hypoxia
36
Toxic inhalation (Signs/Symptoms Associated with Wheezing)
- Cough - Pain - Altered mental status
37
Normal PAo2 range.
80 to 100
38
Considerations for COVID-19
- Severe dyspnea. - SpO2 on room air of 90% or less, regardless of dyspnea. - Mental status changes. - Advanced age or preexisting illness.
39
A fulminant form of respiratory failure characterized by acute lung inflammation and diffuse alveolar-capillary injury.
ARDS
40
A group of specific infections (Not a single disease) that causes an acute inflammatory process of the respiratory bronchioles and the alveoli.
Pneumonia.
41
Most common causes of viral pneumonia in adults.
Influenza viruses.
42
Most common causes of viral pneumonia in infants and young children.
Respiratory syncytial virus.
43
A viral infection of the lower respiratory tract that causes cold symptoms in most cases but can be severe with bronchiolitis.
Respiratory syncytial virus.
44
An acute, febrile disease that affects the entire body, Associated with viral infection of the upper and lower respiratory tracts.
Influenza
45
Pneumococcus bacillus (Streptococcus pneumoniae) is the most common cause of:
Bacterial pneumonia.
46
Predisposing risk factors that may contribute to the development of bacterial pneumonia
- Infection. - Upper respiratory tract infection (influenza). - Postoperative infection. - Foreign body aspiration. - Alcohol or other drug addiction. - Cardiac failure. - Stroke. - Syncope. - Pulmonary embolism. - Chronic illness. - Chronic respiratory disease. - Diabetes mellitus. - Heart failure. - Prolonged immobilization. - Compromised immune status.
47
Caused by an infection with the bacterium --Mycoplasma pneumoniae--
Mycoplasmal pneumonia
48
Caused by environmental fungi and accounts for only a small percentage of community-acquired pneumonia cases.
Fungal Pneumonia.
49
An inflammation of the lung tissue (parenchyma). Results when foreign material enters the tracheobronchial tree.
Aspiration Pneumonia.
50
Pneumonia causes an inflammatory response in the bronchi which damages the:
- Cilia. - Epithelium.
51
Signs/Symptoms of Pneumonia.
- Chest pain. - Cough. - Fever. - Dyspnea. - Occasional hemoptysis. - Usually complain of malaise.
52
Nonintubated application of positive airway pressure using either continuous positive airway pressure or bilevel positive airway pressure; also called noninvasive ventilation (NIV).
NIPPV
53
Management of Pneumonia.
- Airway support. - NIPPV if needed to improve oxygenation. - IV fluid administration to support BP and to thin and loosen mucus. - ECG. - SpO2. - ETCO2 monitoring. - (Bronchodilator drugs may also be used if patient is wheezing).
54
A culmination of a spectrum of disease that begins with direct or indirect acute lung injury (ALI).
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
55
A blockage of a pulmonary artery by a clot or other foreign material that has traveled there from another part of the body.
Pulmonary embolism.
56
Signs/Symptoms of a Pulmonary Embolism.
- Dyspnea. - Cough. - Hemoptysis (rare). - Pain. - Anxiety. - Syncope. - Hypotension. - Diaphoresis. - Tachypnea. - Sinus tachycardia. - Fever. - Distended neck veins.
57
ECG findings in a patient with a Pulmonary Embolism.
- Sinus tachycardia. - Right bundle branch block. - T-wave inversion in v1-v2 and/or the inferior leads (because of high pulmonary pressures) - Right axis deviation (or extreme Right axis deviation) - Dominant R wave in v2 (because of Right ventricular dilation) - Peaked P wave in lead II greater than 2.5 mm (because of right atrial enlargement) - An S1Q3T3 pattern (a prominent S wave in lead I, a Q wave in lead III, and an inverted T wave in lead III)
58
Infections affect the nose, throat, sinuses, and larynx and include the common cold, pharyngitis, tonsillitis, sinusitis, and laryngitis.
Upper Respiratory Tract Infection.
59
Signs/Symptoms of Upper respiratory tract infections.
- Sore throat. - Fever. - Chills. - Headache. - Facial pain (Sinusitis) - Purulent nasal drainage. - Halitosis (Bad breath) - Cervical adenopathy (enlarged cervical lymph nodes) - Erythematous pharynx (pharyngeal inflammation/irritation)
60
Usually results when a bleb ruptures, allowing air to enter the pleural space from within the lung.
Spontaneous pneumothorax
61
Signs/Symptoms of a Pneumothorax
- Altered mental status. - Cyanosis. - Tachycardia. - Decreased breath sounds. - Decreased breath sounds on the affected side. - Local hyperresonance to percussion. - Subcutaneous emphysema.
62
An abnormally deep or rapid breathing that results in an excessive loss of carbon dioxide (which, in turn, produces respiratory alkalosis).
Hyperventilation syndrome.
63
Severe conditions that can cause hyperventilation syndrome
- Anxiety. - Hypoxia. - Pulmonary disease. - Cardiovascular disorders. - Metabolic disorders. - Neurologic disorders. - Fever. - Infection. - Pain. - Pregnancy. - Drug use.
64
An inherited, life-shortening genetic disorder causing thick sticky mucus to build up in the lungs, pancreas, and other organs which causes severe damage.
Cystic Fibrosis. (CF)
65
Signs/Symptoms of Cystic Fibrosis.
- Persistent coughing, sometimes phlegm or blood. - Wheezing and shortness of breath. - Frequent lung infections, such as pneumonia or bronchitis. - Very salty skin - Greasy, bulky stools or difficulty with bowel movements. - Chronic constipation and abdominal pain. - Poor weight gain and slow growth despite a good appetite.
66
Cystic Fibrosis complications.
Permanent lung damage: - Bronchiectasis (widened, scarred airways) and respiratory failure. Nutritional Deficiencies: - Inability to absorb fat and vitamins. CF-Related Diabetes: - Due to pancreatic damage. Infertility: - Particularly in men.
67
How Cystic Fibrosis affects the body:
Respiratory System: - Thick mucus clogs airways, trapping bacteria and leading to frequent lung infections (pneumonia, bronchitis), chronic coughing, and progressive lung damage. Digestive System: - Mucus blocks ducts in the pancreas, preventing digestive enzymes from reaching the intestines. This causes malnutrition, poor growth, and greasy, foul-smelling stools. Salt Balance: - Affected individuals have exceptionally salty sweat, often noticed by parents when kissing their child. Reproductive System: - Most men with CF are infertile due to the absence or blockage of the sperm canal (vas deferens), though they can still father biological children through assisted reproduction.
Paramedic 45
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