Neuroanatomy > Chapter 24: Medulla > Flashcards

Chapter 24: Medulla Flashcards

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1
Q

The obex is the part of the fourth ventricle that narrows down to become the _____.

A
  • Central canal
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2
Q

Neurons on the surface of the obex are exposed to the cerebrospinal fluid in the _____.

A
  • 4th ventricle
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3
Q

Neurons on the surface of the obex respond to toxins in the _____ in the 4th ventricle.

A
  • Cerebrospinal fluid
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4
Q

The group of neurons on the _____ that responds to toxins in the cerebrospinal fluid is called the area postrema.

A
  • Walls of the obex
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5
Q

Neurons in the _____ detect toxins in the cerebrospinal fluid.

A
  • Area postrema
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6
Q

Neurons in the area postrema project to the preganglionic parasympathetic neurons in the _____ of the _____ that control the muscles of the stomach.

A
  • Dorsal motor nucleus

- Vagus nerve

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7
Q

When they detect toxins in the cerebrospinal fluid neurons in the area postrema initiate vomiting through their projections to the _____ of the _____.

A
  • Dorsal motor nucleus

- Vagus nerve

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8
Q

The _____ is sometimes called the vomiting center.

A
  • Area postrema
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9
Q

The lateral and anterior spinothalamic tracts carry _____ sensations through the lateral region of the medulla without synapsing.

A
  • Protopathic
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10
Q

Axons in the spinothalamic tracts synapse only in the _____.

A
  • Thalamus
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11
Q

The axons in the _____ and _____ synapse on second order neurons in the nucleus gracilis and nucleus cuneatus in the lower medulla.

A
  • Fasciculus gracilis

- Fasciculus cuneatus

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12
Q

Just as the fasciculus cuneatus is _____ to the fasciculus gracilis, the nucleus cuneatus is _____ to the nucleus gracilis.

A
  • Lateral

- Lateral

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13
Q

The axons of the _____ neurons in the nucleus gracilis run ventrad in wide arcs as internal arcuate fibers.

A
  • Secondary sensory
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14
Q

Internal arcuate fibers from each _____ cross in the midline just dorsal to the pyramids and turn rostrad to form the ventral half of the contralateral medial lemniscus.

A
  • Nucleus gracilis
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15
Q

The axons of the neurons in the left nucleus gracilis form the ventral half of the _____ after they cross the midline.

A
  • Right medial lemniscus
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16
Q

The axons of the neurons in the nucleus gracilis are _____ until they cross the midline.

A
  • Internal arcuate fibers
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17
Q

Internal arcuate fibers make a right angle turn rostrad toward the thalamus when they enter the _____.

A
  • Medial lemniscus
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18
Q

The ventral half of the left medial lemniscus carries _____ information from the _____ extremity to the thalamus.

A
  • Epicritic

- Right lower

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19
Q

Axons of _____ neurons in the nucleus cuneatus run ventrad in wide arcs, cross the midline, and turn rostrad to form the dorsal half of the medial lemniscus.

A
  • Secondary sensory
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20
Q

Axons in the ventral half of the medial lemniscus come from neurons in the _____ and carry epicritic information from the contralateral _____.

A
  • Nucleus gracilis

- Lower extremity

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21
Q

Axons in the dorsal half of the medial lemniscus come from neurons in the _____ and carry epicritic information from the contralateral _____.

A
  • Nucleus cuneatus

- Upper extremity

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22
Q

When axons from the nucleus cuneatus cross the midline they are _____ to axons from the nucleus gracilis.

A
  • Dorsal
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23
Q

Internal arcuate fibers from the nucleus cuneatus must _____ internal arcuate fibers from the nucleus gracilis before crossing the _____.

A
  • Cross

- Midline

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24
Q

In the medulla each medial lemniscus is a vertical ribbon of white matter on the _____ side of a pyramid.

A
  • Dorsal
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25
Tracts are _____; nuclei are _____; but myelinated tracts usually stain black with silver, iron, or osmium, and nuclei usually do not take these metallic stains.
- White matter | - Gray matter
26
A decussation is a crossing of right and left tracts en route from one level to another. Thus, the crossing of internal arcuate fibers to form the medial lemniscus is the _____ of the medial lemniscus.
- Decussation
27
Fibers crossing from one side of the CNS to the other at the same level form a commissure; fibers crossing from one side to the other en route to a different level form a _____.
- Decussation
28
The nucleus _____ and nucleus _____ continue to contribute to the medial lemniscus up to the level of the middle medulla, but the fasciculus gracilis disappears by that level.
- Gracilis | - Cuneatus
29
The nucleus gracilis is on the dorsal surface of the _____ at the _____ level.
- Medulla | - Mid-medulla
30
The nucleus cuneatus is still deep to the _____ lateral to the nucleus gracilis at the mid-medulla level.
- Fasciculus cuneatus
31
The medial lemniscus contacts the posterior surface of the _____ throughout the medulla.
- Pyramid
32
The posterior spinocerebellar tract drifts from its position on the _____ side of the lower medulla to a dorsolateral position at the mid-medulla level.
- Lateral
33
The lateral cuneate nucleus becomes prominent dorsolateral to the nucleus _____ and deep to the posterior spinocerebellar tract at the mid-medulla level.
- Cuneatus
34
The cuneocerebellar tract merges with the _____ tract to form the restiform body at the mid-medulla level.
- Posterior spinocerebellar
35
The bulge on the lateral side of the middle and upper medulla is called the _____.
- Olive
36
The inferior olivary nucleus is wavy ribbon of _____ inside the olive.
- Gray matter
37
The inferior olivary nucleus receives tendon stretch information from the contralateral side of the body through the _____ and messages from the ipsilateral red nucleus of the midbrain through the central tegmental tract.
- Spino-olivary tract
38
The central tegmental tract carries messages from the _____ of the _____ to the ipsilateral _____ of the _____.
- Red nucleus - Midbrain - Inferior olivary nucleus - Medulla
39
It is a bit unfortunate that the tract that should have been called the rubro-olivary tract is called the _____.
- Central trigeminal tract
40
The central tegmental tract enters the _____ on its dorsal (posterior) surface.
- Inferior olivary nucleus
41
The spino-olivary tract enters the _____ on its convex lateral side.
- Inferior olivary nucleus
42
The spino-olivary tract tells the _____ how an action was carried out.
- Inferior olivary nucleus
43
The central tegmental tract tells the _____ what the action was intended to be.
- Inferior olivary nucleus
44
The _____ compares intention and action and communicates that comparison to the contralateral cerebellum.
- Inferior olivary nucleus
45
Information from the inferior olivary nucleus allows the contralateral _____ to better assist the ipsilateral cerebral cortex the next time the action is performed.
- Cerebellum
46
The contralateral cerebellum will inform the ipsilateral red nucleus of its intentions and the red nucleus will inform the ipsilateral inferior olivary nucleus of those intentions through the _____.
- Central tegmental tract
47
The cerebellum to _____ to _____ to cerebellum circuit is responsible for the simpler aspects of motor learning.
- Red nucleus | - Inferior olivary nucleus
48
The right side of the cerebellum projects to the _____ red nucleus which projects to the _____ inferior olivary nucleus which projects to the _____ side of the cerebellum.
- Left - Left - Right
49
The body part whose performance is subject to the cerebellar learning circuit is ipsilateral to the participating side of the cerebellum but contralateral the participating _____ and _____.
- Red nucleus | - Inferior olivary nucleus
50
The inferior olivary nucleus projects to the contralateral side of the _____ through the restiform body.
- Cerebellum
51
The olivocerebellar tract leaves the medial side of the inferior olivary nucleus and joins the contralateral _____.
- Restiform body
52
The restiform body is formed by the union of the _____ tract, the posterior spinocerebellar tract, and the cuneocerebellar tract.
- Olivocerebellar
53
The olivocerebellar tract curves dorsad to join the _____ and cuneocelebellar tract to form the restiform body.
- Posterior spinocerebellar tract
54
The region ventral to the hypoglossal nucleus, dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus, and solitary nucleus and dorsal to the _____ nucleus and _____ is the reticular formation of the medulla.
- Inferior olivary nucleus | - Central tegmental
55
The medullary reticular formation contains neurons whose axons form the _____.
- Lateral reticulospinal tract
56
The most easily assigned function of the _____ is the stimulation of the lower motor neurons for the _____ of the _____ during absent-minded walking.
- Medullary reticular formation - Flexion - Lower extremity
57
Most of the other _____ in the medullary reticular formation have short axons that create a neural network.
- Neurons
58
The neural network of the _____ gets its name from the Latin word for net: reticulum.
- Reticular formation
59
The nucleus ambiguus is embedded in the _____ ventromedial to the _____ nucleus.
- Reticular formation | - Spinal trigeminal
60
The inferior olivary nucleus is _____ to the reticular formation.
- Ventral (anterior)
61
The inferior olivary nucleus projects to the _____ side of the cerebellum via the _____.
- Restiform body
62
The inferior olivary nucleus receives information from the _____ of the midbrain via the _____.
- Red nucleus | - Central tegmental tract
63
The red nucleus receives information from the _____ side of the cerebellum via the _____.
- Contralateral | - Superior cerebellar peduncle
64
The medial lemniscus is _____ to the inferior olivary nucleus.
- Medial
65
Each medial lemniscus carries _____ information from the _____ side of the body to the _____.
- Epicritic - Contralateral - Thalamus
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