Chapter 32: Cerebellar Lobes

Question 1

Axons in the upper part of the posterior spinocerebellar and lower part of the cuneocerebellar tract carrying muscle stretch information from back muscles synapse on _____ in the cortex of the central strip of the cerebellum.

Answer 1

• Granule cells

Question 2

The central 1/6 of the cerebellum, called the vermis, receives information about _____ in the _____ of the _____.

Answer 2

• Muscle stretch (tone)
• Muscles
• Back

Question 3

Granule cells in the vermis receive muscle stretch information from the _____ in mossy fibers of the _____ and _____ tracts.

Answer 3

• Back
• Posterior spinocerebellar
• Cuneocerebellar

Question 4

The granule cells in the cortex of the _____ project muscle stretch information from the back to the _____ of _____ through _____ fibers.

Answer 4

• Cerebellum
• Dendrites
• Purkinje cells
• Horizontal (parallel)

Question 5

Purkinje cells in the vermis receive _____ fibers from the medial accessory olivary nucleus.

Answer 5

• Climbing

Question 6

The projections of the _____ to Purkinje cells in the vermis try to correct inadvertent errors of posture.

Answer 6

• Medial accessory olivary nucleus

Question 7

Purkinje cells in the _____ of the cerebellum project their reactions to muscle stretch in the back to the fastigial nuclei.

Answer 7

• Vermis

Question 8

Thus the fastigial nuclei receive Purkinje cell reactions to muscle stretch in the back from Purkinje cells in the _____ and Purkinje cell reactions to balance problems from Purkinje cells in the _____.

Answer 8

• Vermis

- Flocculonodular lobe

Question 9

The fastigial nuclei are concerned with both muscle tone in the _____ and _____.

Answer 9

• Back

- Balance

Question 10

The fastigial nuclei in the _____ of the _____ are flanked by the globose nuclei.

Answer 10

• Roof

- 4th ventricle

Question 11

The _____ nuclei that flank the fastigial nuclei are themselves flanked by the emboliform nuclei.

Answer 11

• Globose

Question 12

The emboliform nuclei are lateral and slightly rostral to the _____ nuclei.

Answer 12

• Globose

Question 13

The huge dentate nucleus is lateral to the other 3 deep cerebellar nuclei (or roof nuclei), which are, from medial to lateral: _____, _____, and _____.

Answer 13

• Fastigial
• Globose
• Emboliform

Question 14

One mnemonic for the medial to lateral _____, _____, _____, _____ sequence is “Fat Guys Eat Doughnuts.”

Answer 14

• Fastigial
• Globose
• Emboliform
• Dentate

Question 15

Because they lie between the fastigial and dentate nuclei, the _____ and _____ nuclei are often called the interposed nuclei.

Answer 15

• Globose

- Emboliform

Question 16

Muscle stretch information from the extremities is carried to the interposed nuclei and the cerebellar cortex by the _____ and _____ tracts.

Answer 16

• Ipsilateral
• Posterior spinocerebellar
• Cuneocerebellar

Question 17

Axons in the posterior spinocerebellar and cuneocerebellar tracts split to synapse in an _____ nucleus and on granule cells in the _____.

Answer 17

• Interposed

- Cerebellar cortex

Question 18

Axons in the posterior spinocerebellar and cuneocerebellar tracts reach the cerebellar cortex as _____ fibers that end on _____ cells in the paravermal zone lateral to the vermis.

Answer 18

• Mossy

- Granule

Question 19

The paravermal zone (or intermediate zone) is a pair of strips of cerebellar cortex lateral to the _____. Each strip is half as wide as the vermis.

Answer 19

• Vermis

Question 20

The vermis is roughly twice as wide as the right (or left) _____.

Answer 20

• Paravermal zone

Question 21

The granule cells in the paravermal zone project to the _____ of _____ in the outer layer of the cortex of the _____.

Answer 21

• Dendrites
• Purkinje cells
• Paravermal zone

Question 22

The Purkinje cells of the paravermal zone project to the interposed nuclei which lie lateral to the
_____.

Answer 22

• Fastigial nucleus

Question 23

The paravermal zone is defined as the area of the cerebellar cortex that projects to the _____ and _____ nuclei.

Answer 23

• Globose

- Emboliform

Question 24

The interposed nuclei receive input from both _____ cells and cells in the _____ nucleus or the _____.

Answer 24

• Purkinje
• Dorsal thoracic
• Accessory cuneate nucleus

Question 25

The _____ can compare the intentions of Purkinje cells with the muscle tension reported by the spinocerebellar and cuneocerebellar tracts.

Answer 25

- Interposed nuclei

Question 26

The interposed nuclei project the decisions of the _____ of the _____ zone to the contralateral red nucleus and to the contralateral ventrolateral nucleus of the thalamus.

Answer 26

- Purkinje cells | - Parevermal zone

Question 27

The ventrolateral nucleus of the thalamus receives the projections of the _____-lateral _____ through the superior cerebellar peduncle.

Answer 27

- Contralateral | - Interposed nuclei

Question 28

The red nucleus receives the projections of the _____-lateral _____ through the superior cerebellar peduncle.

Answer 28

- Contralateral | - Interposed nuclei

Question 29

The superior cerebellar peduncles cross in the _____.

Answer 29

- Lower midbrain

Question 30

The red nucleus projects to the dorsal accessory olivary nucleus through the _____.

Answer 30

- Central tegmental tract

Question 31

The dorsal accessory olivary nucleus also receives information from the spinal cord through the _____ tract.

Answer 31

- Spin-olivary

Question 32

The dorsal accessory olivary nucleus sends _____ fibers to the paravermal zone of the _____-lateral cerebellar cortex.

Answer 32

- Climbing | - Contralateral

Question 33

The feedback loop of Purkinje cell to _____ to _____ to _____ to Purkinje cell allows the dorsal accessory olivary nucleus to detect and correct inappropriate muscle tone.

Answer 33

- Interposed nuclei - Red nucleus - Dorsal accessory olivary nucleus

Question 34

Inappropriate muscle tone is detected by neurons in the _____ and corrected by the synapses of climbing fibers on _____ in the _____ cerebellar cortex.

Answer 34

- Dorsal accessory olivary nucleus - Purkinje cells - Contralateral

Question 35

Purkinje cells in the cortex of the paravermal zone send instructions for muscle tone to the _____ nuclei which project to the contralateral ventrolateral thalamic nucleus and red nucleus.

Answer 35

- Interposed

Question 36

The ventrolateral nucleus of the _____ sends instructions to the premotor cortex (Brodmann area 6).

Answer 36

- Thalamus

Question 37

The paravermal zone of the cerebellar cortex projects to the premotor cortex by way of the _____ and the _____-lateral _____ of the thalamus.

Answer 37

- Interposed nuclei - Contralateral - Ventrolateral nucleus

Question 38

The vermis and paravermal zone are often discussed together as the spinocerebellum because they receive most of their input from the _____ and cuneocerebellar tracts.

Answer 38

- Posterior spinocerebellar

Question 39

The posterior spinocerebellar and cuneocerebellar tracts relay information from neurons in _____ ganglia.

Answer 39

- Sensory (spinal)

Question 40

The 1/3 of each side of the cerebellum lateral to the paravermal zone is the pontocerebellum whose inputs are primarily from the _____ nuclei and whose projections are to the dentate nucleus.

Answer 40

- Pontine

Question 41

The paravermal zone is defined by its projections to the _____ and _____ nuclei.

Answer 41

- Globose | - Emobliform

Question 42

The pontocerebellum is defined by its projections to the _____ nucleus.

Answer 42

- Dentate

Question 43

The central 1/3 of the cerebellum is the _____, and the lateral 2/3 is the _____.

Answer 43

- Spinocerebellum | - Pontoceebellum

Question 44

Most input to the spinocerebellum is relayed from neurons in the _____ by neurons in the spinal cord and lateral cuneate nucleus.

Answer 44

- Sensory (spinal) ganglia

Question 45

Most input to the pontocerebellum is relayed from neurons in the cerebral cortex by neurons in the _____.

Answer 45

- Pontine nuclei

Question 46

The pontocerebellum is _____ to the spinocerebellum.

Answer 46

- Lateral

Question 47

Purkinje cells in the pontocerebellum project to the _____.

Answer 47

- Dentate nucleus

Question 48

The dentate nucleus monitors the correspondence of intention with execution by comparing input from the _____ with input from axon collaterals from the spinocerebellar and cuneocerebellar tracts.

Answer 48

- Pontine nuclei

Question 49

Like the other deep cerebellar nuclei, the dentate nucleus projects to the contralateral _____ and the _____ of the thalamus.

Answer 49

- Red nucleus | - Ventrolateral

Question 50

The ventrolateral nucleus of the thalamus projects to the _____.

Answer 50

- Premotor cortex

Question 51

The red nucleus projects to the inferior olivary nucleus which sends _____ fibers to the Purkinje cells of the pontocerebellum.

Answer 51

- Climbing

Question 52

Olivocerebellar projections to the pontocerebellum come from the _____-lateral _____.

Answer 52

- Contralateral | - Inferior olivary nucleus

Question 53

Like the other olivary nuclei of the medulla, the inferior olivary nucleus is informed of the progress of an action by the _____ tract.

Answer 53

- Spino-olivary

Question 54

Whereas olivocerebellar projections to the spinocerebellum correct poor _____, olivocerebellar projections to the pontocerebellum correct poor coordination.

Answer 54

- Muscle tone

Question 55

Keeping force proportional to the task is the job of the _____, and coordinating actions is the job of the _____.

Answer 55

- Spinocerebellum | - Pontocerebellum

Question 56

The cerebellum has 3 lobes: anterior, posterior, and _____.

Answer 56

- Flocculonodular

Question 57

Although the _____ and _____ tracts project to the paravermal zones of both anterior and posterior lobes of the cerebellum, responsibility for muscle tone resides in the small anterior lobe.

Answer 57

- Spinocerebellar | - Cuneocerebellar

Question 58

Due to its small size, the _____ lobe has only spinocerebellum.

Answer 58

- Anterior

Question 59

The large _____ lobe has both spinocerebellum and pontocerebellum.

Answer 59

- Posterior

Question 60

The primary fissure divides the cerebellum into a small rostral _____ lobe and a large caudal _____ lobe.

Answer 60

- Anterior | - Posterior

Question 61

Although the _____ lobe is anterior to the primary fissure, it is superior to the _____ lobe in humans.

Answer 61

- Anterior | - Posterior

Question 62

The anterior and posterior lobes are defined by their positions with respect to the _____ fissure.

Answer 62

- Primary

Question 63

The spinocerebellum of the _____ lobe regulates the force of actions, and the spinocerebellum of the _____ lobe regulates the timing of actions.

Answer 63

- Anterior | - Posterior

Question 64

The pontocerebellum of the posterior lobe _____ actions at multiple joints.

Answer 64

- Coordinates

Question 65

Although muscle tone in the arms and legs is regulated by the _____ of the _____, muscle tone in the head is regulated by the vermis of the _____.

Answer 65

- Anterior lobe - Cerebellum - Posterior lobe

Question 66

Muscle tone is regulated by the _____ of the cerebellum, but coordination is regulated by the posterior lobe.

Answer 66

- Anterior lobe

Question 67

There are a pair of bimanual hand coordination areas on the superior surface of the _____ of the cerebellum lateral to the areas regulating muscle tone in the hands.

Answer 67

- Posterior lobe

Question 68

The bimanual hand coordination areas that help the hands work together are on anterolateral edges of the _____ surface of the _____ lobe of the cerebellum.

Answer 68

- Superior | - Posterior

Question 69

A second hand coordination area is located on the inferior surface of the _____ as part of a _____ for the entire body.

Answer 69

- Posterior lobe | - Somatotopic map

Question 70

As this diagram shows, hand coordination areas are _____ to trunk coordination areas and _____ to foot coordination areas in the somatotopic map of the inferior surface of the posterior lobe.

Answer 70

- Lateral | - Posterior

Question 71

Areas regulating muscle tone in the hands are _____ to areas regulating muscle tone in the trunk and _____ to areas regulation muscle tone in the feet.

Answer 71

- Lateral | - Posterior

Question 72

The somatotopy of the regulation of muscle tone can be shown by _____ homunculus on the _____ lobe, but showing the somatotopy of coordination requires _____ and a few extra pictures.

Answer 72

- One - Anterior - Two homonculi

Question 73

On both the superior surface of the anterior lobe and the inferior surface of the posterior lobe, the head is _____ to the rest of the homunculus.

Answer 73

- Posterior (dorsal)

Question 74

The deep nuclei and the anterior lobe of the cerebellum receive their blood supply from the _____.

Answer 74

- Superior cerebellar artery

Question 75

The flocculus and most of the posterior lobe of the cerebellum usually receive their blood supply from the _____.

Answer 75

- Anterior inferior cerebellar artery

Question 76

The nodulus and the inferior cerebellar peduncle receive their blood supply from the _____.

Answer 76

- Posterior inferior cerebellar artery

Question 77

The “tonsil” of the cerebellum, the wedge-shaped anteromedial sixth of the inferior surface of the cerebellum, gets its blood supply from the _____.

Answer 77

- Posterior inferior cerebellar artery

Question 78

The tonsil of the cerebellum is wedge occupying the medial half of the usual territory of the _____ artery

Answer 78

- Posterior inferior cerebellar artery

Question 79

The tonsil of the cerebellum is a _____ of pontocerebellum pointing toward the foramen magnum.

Answer 79

- Wedge

Question 80

The tonsil of the cerebellum is a _____ on the dorsolateral side of the upper medulla.

Answer 80

- Wedge

Question 81

The vermis of the cerebellum monitors _____ in the muscles of the _____.

Answer 81

- Muscle tone | - Back

Question 82

Most Purkinje cells in the vermis project to the _____ nuclei, but those in the nodulus also project to the _____ nuclei and the _____.

Answer 82

- Fastigial - Vestibular - Reticular formation

Question 83

The paravermal zone of the cerebellum monitors _____ in the muscles of the _____.

Answer 83

- Muscle tone | - Extremities

Question 84

Purkinje cells in the paravermal zone project to the _____ and _____ nuclei which project to the _____ and the _____.

Answer 84

- Globose - Emboliform - Red nucleus - Thalamus

Question 85

The anterior lobe is entirely within the _____ and _____ of the cerebellum.

Answer 85

- Vermal | - Paravermal

Question 86

The hemispheres of the posterior lobe of the cerebellum manage _____ of the _____ of the _____.

Answer 86

- Coordination - Muscles - Extremities

Question 87

Purkinje cells in the hemispheres of the posterior lobe project to the _____ nucleus which projects to the _____ nucleus and the _____.

Answer 87

- Dentate - Red - Thalamus

Question 88

The anterior lobe of the cerebellum is _____ or _____ to the posterior lobe in humans.

Answer 88

- Superior | - Rostral

Question 89

The superior cerebellar artery feeds the _____, the anterior inferior cerebellar artery feeds the _____ and _____, and the posterior inferior cerebellar artery feeds the _____ and _____.

Answer 89

- Anterior lobe - Posterior lobe - Flocculus - Nodulus - Inferior cerebellar peduncle