What is an amine?
Derived from ammonia
One or more hydrogen atoms have been replaced by a carbon chain.
What is an aliphatic amine?
The nitrogen is attached to at least one carbon chain, straight or branched.
What is an aromatic amine?
The nitrogen is attached to at least one aromatic ring.
How do you name a primary amine where the amine group is at the end of the chain?
The prefix = alkyl group
Suffix = amine
How do you name a primary amine with the amine group in the middle of the chain?
Prefix = amino
Suffix = longest carbon chain
How do you name a primary amine with more than one amine group?
Prefix = di, tri amino
Suffix = longest carbon chain
How do you name a secondary or tertiary amine with the same R group?
Prefix = Di, Tri alkyl
Suffix = Amine
How do you name a secondary or tertiary amine with different R groups?
Largest chain = suffix, with amine
Shorter chains as N prefixes in alphabetical order
How do amines act as bases?
They have a lone pair of electrons on the nitrogen.
These can accept a proton and form Dative covalent bonds.
Neutralise acids to make salts.
How do you make primary aliphatic amines?
Ethanol as solvent.
Excess ammonia.
React the Haloalkane with ammonia and ethanol.
How do you make secondary and tertiary amines?
React the Haloalkane with the primary amine and ethanol.
How do you prepare aromatic amines?
Nitrobenzene reduced
Tin and HCl will act as the reducing agent
What are amino acids?
They contain amine and carboxylic acid functional groups.
What are the reactions of amino acids?
They react with acids to form a salt
They react with alkalis to form a salt
The carboxylic acid functional group can also be esterified by heating with an alcohol and a concentrated acid.
What is an amide?
A carboxylic acid derivative
The OH is replaced by NH2 or NHR’/NR’R’’
How do you name a primary amide?
Add the suffix amide
How can you form an amide?
React ammonia with acyl chlorides, to form a primary amide.
React a primary amine with an acyl chloride to form a secondary amide.
What is optical isomerism?
Molecules with a chiral centre
Non superimposable mirror images
What is a chiral centre?
4 different groups around the carbon atom
What is a condensation polymer?
The joining of monomers via a condensation reaction, with the elimination of a small molecule, usually water of hydrogen chloride.
Polyesters
Polyamides
How can you form a polyester from one monomer?
The monomer needs to contain both the carboxylic acid and alcohol functional group.
How are the monomers linked in a polyester?
An ester linkage
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chapter 29
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chapter 519
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chapter 618
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chapter 716
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chapter 86
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chapter 920
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chapter 1010
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key definitions for organic chemistry15
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naming alkanes9
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isomerism6
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chapter 1217
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chapter 1318
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alcohols14
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chapter 1515
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acids and redox8
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practical techniques in organic chemistry2
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recycling polymers7
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mass spectroscopy4
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infrared spectroscopy6
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preparing a standard solution11
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chapter 1811
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chapter 1917
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Chapter 2634
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chapter 2231
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Chapter 2034
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Chapter 2113
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Chapter 2318
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Chapter 2437
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Chapter 2723
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Chapter 2518
