chapter 5

Question 1

explain electron shells

Answer 1

• they are energy levels, each shell has a different quanta number
• as the number of the shell increases, the energy of the electron increases
• electrons can only exist at specific quantum levels
• energy levels get closer together as the energy increases

Question 2

what are atomic orbitals

Answer 2

• they are regions of space around the nucleus of the atom that can hold up to 2 oppositely spinning electrons

Question 3

describe s orbitals

Answer 3

• they are a spherical shape
• every shell from n=1 has them
• the greater the shell number, the greater the radius of the s orbital

Question 4

describe the p orbital

Answer 4

• dumbbell shape
• ever shell from n=2 has them
• the greater the shell number, the further away the p orbital is

Question 5

describe d orbitals

Answer 5

• every shell from n=3 has them
• there are 5 d orbitals

Question 6

describe f orbitals

Answer 6

• every shell from n=4 has them
• there are 7 f orbitals

Question 7

describe subshells

Answer 7

• a new type of atomic orbital is added for each new electron
• orbitals of the same type are grouped together as subshells

Question 8

what is ionic bonding

Answer 8

• the strong electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged ions

Question 9

explain the structure of ionic compounds

Answer 9

• they are held in a giant ionic lattice
• each ion exerts electrostatic attraction in all directions
• they are closely packed in a repeating pattern

Question 10

explain the melting and boiling point of ionic compounds

Answer 10

• generally have high melting and boiling points
• they are solids at room temperature
• the electrostatic attraction between the ions are strong
• a large amount of energy is required to overcome these forces
• it also depends on the size of the ions and the atomic charge

Question 11

describe the solubility of ionic compounds

Answer 11

• many ionic compounds dissolve in polar substances

Question 12

describe the electrical conductivity of ionic compounds in the solid state

Answer 12

• the ions are held together in a fixed lattice
• the ions are not free to move meaning there are no mobile charge carriers
• there is no electrical conductivity

Question 13

explain electrical conductivity of ionic compounds in the molten state

Answer 13

• the ions are free to move
• there are mobile charge carriers
• electricity is conducted

Question 14

what is the definition of an element

Answer 14

• a substance made up of only one type of atom

Question 15

what is a compound

Answer 15

• a substance consisting of two or more elements chemically bonded together

Question 16

what is a molecule

Answer 16

• a group of atoms covalently bonded together

Question 17

what is covalent bonding

Answer 17

• strong electrostatic attraction between a shared pair of electrons and the nuclei of the bonded atoms
• it is the overlap of atomic orbitals
• they are localised = the attraction is only between the nuclei and the pair of electrons of the bonded atoms

Question 18

what is a dative covalent bond

Answer 18

• a shared pair of electrons in which the bonded pair has been provided by one of the bonded atoms only
• shown as an arrow of the displayed formula

Question 19

what is bond enthalpy

Answer 19

• it serves as a measurement of covalent bond strength
• as the strength of the bond increases, the bond enthalpy value will increase