chapter 3

Question 1

hernia

Answer 1

a protrusion of an organ or the muscular wall of an organ through the cavity that normally contains it

Question 2

hiatal hernia

Answer 2

occurs when the stomach protrudes upward into the mediastinum through the esophageal opening in the diaphragm

Question 3

inguinal hernia

Answer 3

occurs when part of the intestine protrudes downward into the groin region and commonly into the scrotal sac in the male

Question 4

cystocele

Answer 4

occurs when part of the urinary bladder herniates through the vaginal wall as a result of weakness of the pelvic muscles. prolapsed bladder

Question 5

rectocele

Answer 5

is the protrusion of a portion of the rectum toward the vagina

Question 6

omphalocele

Answer 6

(omphal/o= umbilicus, navel) is a herniation of the intestines through a weakness in the abdominal wall around the navel occuring in infants at birth

Question 7

streptococcus

Answer 7

• > berry shaped bacterium, grows in twisted chains
• > one group causes conditions such as: strep throat,” tonsillitis, rheumatic fever, and certain kidney ailments
• > other group causes conditions such as: infections in teeth, within the sinuses (cavities) of the nose and face, and in the valves of the heart.

Question 8

staphylococci

Answer 8

• > berry shaped bacterium, grow in small clusters (like grapes)
• > lesions can be external: skin abscesses, boils, styes. or it can be internal: abscesses in bone and kidney
• > MRSA: serious staphylococcal condition that is difficult to treat with antibiotics because bacteria can become resistant to it

Question 9

MRSA

Answer 9

serious staphylococcal condition that is difficult to treat with antibiotics because bacteria can become resistant to it

Question 10

abscess

Answer 10

a collection of pus, white blood cells, and protein that is present at the site of infection

Question 11

diplococci

Answer 11

• > berry shaped bacteria organized in pairs
• > ex: pneumococci (pneum/o= lungs) and gonococci (gon/o= seed)
• > pneumococci cause bacterial pneumonia
• > gonococci invade the reproductive organs, causing gonorrhea

Question 12

clostridium difficile bacteria

Answer 12

• > C. difficile infection (rod shaped) causes inflammation of the colon and severe diarrheal disease.
• > common in ppl that take antibiotics for long time
• > C. difficile become resistant to those antibiotics
• > to restore normal bacteria in digestive tract, fecal transplant necessary.
• > fecal transplant: also known as bacteriotherapy- transfer of stool containing normal bacteria from a healthy donor into the colon of the patient with chronic C. difficile infection

Question 13

White blood cells: granulocytes

Answer 13

1. Neutrophils:
   - > stain pale purple
   - > most numerous
   - > phagocytes
   - > multilobed nucleus
   - > most important disease fighting cells
2. Eosinophils:
   - > stain red
   - > increase in allergic conditions (asthma)
3. Basophils:
   - > stain blue
   - > number increases in the healing phase of inflammation

Question 14

white blood cells: mononuclear cells

Answer 14

1. Lymphocytes:
   - > lymph cells
   - > fight disease by producing antibodies, destroying them
   - > may attach to foreign cells and destroy them
   - > 2 types: T cells and B cells
2. Monocytes:
   - > contain 1 large nucleus
   - > engulf and destory cellular debris after neutrophils have attacked foreign cells
   - > leave bloodstream and enter tissues (ex. lung & liver) to become macrophages–large phagocytes

Question 15

Thrombocytes (platelets)

Answer 15

• clotting cells

- tiny fragments of cells formed in the bone marrow

Question 16

acromegaly

Answer 16

• endocrine disorder
• occurs when pituitary gland produces excessive amounts of growth hormone after the completion of puberty
• results from benign tumor in pituitary gland
• usually normal height bc long bones stop growing after puberty but bone and soft tissue in hands, feet, face grow abnormally
• > gigantism is the result of overproduction of pituitary growth hormone beginning in childhood

Question 17

laparoscopy

Answer 17

• > visual exam of the abdominal cavity using a laparoscope
• > minimally invasive surgery
• > Surgeons use laparoscopy to examine abdominal viscera for evidence of disease (performing biopsies) or for procedures such as removal of the appendix, gallbladder, adrenal gland, spleen, or ovary; resection of the colon; and repair of hernias.
• > tubal ligation: tying tubes so dont get prego

Question 18

tracheotomy

Answer 18

• > an incision into the trachea typically done to open it below a blockage
• > may be done to remove foreign body or obtain biopsy specimen

Question 19

tracheostomy

Answer 19

an opening into the trachea through which an indwelling tube is inserted.

-tube is required to allow air to flow into the lungs or to help remove secretions like mucus from the bronchial tubes

Question 20

adenoids

Answer 20

small masses of lyphatic tissue in the part of the pharynx, (throat) near the nose and nasal passages

-Enlargement of adenoids may cause blockage of the airway from the nose to the pharynx, and adenoidectomy may be advised.