Chapter 3

Question 1

1. Describe the components of the plasma
   membrane

Answer 1

• Plasma membranes are the skin of the cell
• It is semi permeable because it lets in some things are not others
• The membrane is made of phospholipids whose heads are attracted to water and tails are hydro-phobic scared of water.
  o Heads are on the outside of the skin and the two tails touch on the inside
• Components in the phospholipid membrane:
  o Proteins – transport material across the membrane
  o Carbohydrates – stick out from the cell on the outside, receptors
  o Cholesterol – gives rigidity to membrane

Question 2

2. Describe the structure and function of tight junctions, desmosomes, and gap junctions.

Answer 2

• Junctions connect two cells together
  o Tight junctions – zipper like water tight seal, ex. Bladder needs to be water tight
  o Desmosomes – rivets between 2 cells that allow flow between them ex. Skin, intentines
  o Gap – tunnel between 2 cells that allows passing of substances between them

Question 3

What is the nucleus?

Answer 3

• Nucleus – headquarters or control center of the cell
  o Its function is to build proteins to make the human body using the DNA and genes it has

Question 4

4. Describe the structure and function of the cytoplasm

Answer 4

• Cytoplasm is the gel inside the cell
• Giving the cell its shape, helps material pass from one organelle to another

Question 5

5. Describe the structure and functions of each cytoplasmic organelle.

Answer 5

• Mitochondria – break down food releasing energy (ATP molecules) which powerhouse the cell
• Ribosomes – chefs making proteins
• Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) - (super highway of a cell) transport vehicles with membrane tunnels that are circulatory system of a cell, carrying proteins around the cell (can be rough or smooth)
• Golgi apparatus – (traffic director of proteins) modifying, packaging, and shipping proteins
• Lysosomes – (Garbagemen of unusable cell content) cellular stomachs digesting cell debris and unusable cell structures
• Peroxisomes – (policemen) disarm dangerous substances like alcohol or poisonous substances
• Centrioles – used during cell division, rod shaped

Question 6

6. Explain the difference between passive and active transport across the plasma membrane.

Answer 6

• Passive transport – When things just pass through the membrane
• Active transport – cell uses energy (ATP) to cross through the membrane

Question 7

What is diffusion, simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion

Answer 7

• Diffusion - following the concentration gradient
• Simple diffusion – molecule passes through membrane unassisted
• Facilitated (helped) diffusion – molecule is assisted passing through the membrane by proteins

o The membrane changes the molecule chemically

Question 8

9. Define the process of osmosis

Answer 8

• Osmosis - water through a membrane
• Water is a gold digger and follows solutes wherever there are more

Question 9

10. Define tonicity and describe how it relates to osmosis.

Answer 9

• Tonicity - Solution changing the size of the cells water content
• Hypotonic = more water, less solutes hippos love water, inflated the cell
  o this low concentration of solutes will be attracted to inside the cell (good for dehydrated people)
• Hypertonic solution – more solutes in the solution, than inside the cell, deflates cell
  o Given to patients who have swelling in their cells due to water retention
• Isotonic solution - no changes in Cells, have the same water and solute concentration as cells do

Question 10

11. Define osmotic pressure and explain how it relates to fluid movement across the plasma membrane.

Answer 10

• Osmotic pressure – when the pressure stops the water from going in the cell

the more solutes in the water give it more pressure and the exact pressure where the flow of water stops is the osmotic pressure
o Higher concentration of solutes attract more water, and a higher pressure would be needed to stop the water flow from coming in

Question 11

What is filtration and how does it move things across the plasma membrane?

What is a pressure gradient?

Answer 11

Filtration - pressure push things through the membrane

o A pressure gradient pushs high pressure solutes through a filter into a low pressure area against its concentration gradient

Question 12

13. Define exocytosis and endocytosis

Answer 12

• Exocytosis – exits things out of cell such as hormones or mucus
• Endocytosis – take things into the cell

Both use ATP (energy) in the membrane

Question 13

14. Describe the impact of aging on the cell

Answer 13

Slow healing
Less cell division
Less energy being made

Question 14

15. Review the definition of a tissue

Answer 14

• Tissue – groups of cells that are similar in function and structure

Question 15

16. List the four major tissue types and their chief subcategories

Answer 15

Muscle – movement
Epithelial - covering
Nervous - control
Connective - support

Question 16

What are epithelial tissues?

Answer 16

• Covers and lines all free body surfaces, it protects the body, absorbs, filters, and secretes. It protects from the outside of skin to absorbing inside the digestive system
• Form continuous sheets in one or many layers

Question 17

18. Describe the difference between endocrine and exocrine glands

Answer 17

• The two glands from epithelial sheets are:
  o Endocrine – secreteing hormones, ductless

o Exocrine – Have ducts that secrete onto the epithelial surface (sweat, oil glands etc.)

Question 18

What are the different types of structure of epithelium tissue

Answer 18

simple - single layer
Stratified - multiple layers

squamous – scale shape
cuboidal – cube shaped
columnar – column shape

• Pseudostratified columnar – single layer that appears like its not, column shape, absorption and secretes the respiratory tract

Question 19

20. What is connective tissue

Answer 19

Connects body parts and is the most tissue we have

Question 20

What are the different types of connective tissue (5)

Answer 20

• Bone
• Cartilage
• Dense Connective Tissue
• Loose Connective Tissue
• Blood – vascular tissue because of blood cells and blood plasma
  They all support, protect, cushion, insulate, and bind together

Question 21

22. Describe muscle tissue.

Answer 21

Muscle tissue contracts/shortens which produces movement

Question 22

23. Describe each type of muscle tissue

Answer 22

• Cardiac muscle tissue (heart)
• Skeletal muscle tissue (on bones)
• Smooth muscle tissue (in the walls of organs, help organs move substances)

Question 23

24. Identify the two types of cells in nervous tissue.

Answer 23

1. neurons – receive and send impulses from one part of the body to another
2. neuroglia – protect the neurons in the nervous system (the brain, spinal cord, and nerves)

Question 24

25. Describe the impact of aging on tissues and membranes

Answer 24

• Slower repair and regeneration
• Decreased function
• Thin and weak membranes

Question 25

You swallow a polymer (complex molecule) to get a _________ (simple molecule)

Answer 25

Monomer

Question 26

What are the three main components of cytoplasm?

Answer 26

1. Cytosol - fluid 2. Organelles 3. Inclusions - not always included

Question 27

What are the three types of cell extensions?

Answer 27

1. Cilia - crowd surfing things along the cells surface 2. Flagella - propels the cell (motor) ex. Sperm cell 3. Microvilli - give the cell more surface for absorption

Question 28

What are the three locations that fluid can be found in the body?

Answer 28

1. INTRA cellular - fluid in cell 2. EXTRA cellular - fluid not in cell 3. INTER cellular - fluid between two cells (intersection)

Question 29

What is a solute and what is a solvent?

Answer 29

A solute is salt, and a solvent is liquid solution (mixture)

Question 30

Which type of muscle tissue is has voluntary movement?

Answer 30

Skeletal muscle (moving your skeleton)

Question 31

Your scapula and scapular region is where?

Answer 31

The wings on your back

Question 32

What is your plantar region?

Answer 32

Foot

Question 33

What is the different between rough and smooth ER?

Answer 33

Rough transports proteins Smooth transports enzymes and fat

Question 34

What is the cytoskeleton?

Answer 34

A network in cytoplasm including microfilaments and microtubules to support organelles and transport within the cell

Question 35

What does it mean that molecules move down their concentration gradient?

Answer 35

Molecules spread out from high concentration to low concentration (diffusion) like a teabag spreading out in a cup

Question 36

What happens to the cell during mitosis?

Answer 36

I - interphase - no changes to cell P - prophase - centrioles go to opposite sides of cell and put chromosomes on their spindles to be pushed into the middle M - metaphase - chromosomes line in middle A - anaphase - chromosomes split and move away from each other T - telephase - cell divides

Question 37

What is the basement membrane?

Answer 37

The first layer and glue holding the epithelium tissue in place

Question 38

What does avascular mean?

Answer 38

No blood supply of their own

Question 39

Simple epithelial tissue are more concerned with ____________ and stratified epithelial tissue are more concerned with _____________

Answer 39

Simple: absorption, secretion, diffusion, filtration (because it’s only 1 layer) Stratified: protection (because of its multiple layers)

Question 40

What are the 3 main types of loose connective tissue?

Answer 40

1. Areolar - cobwebs protecting organs 2. Adipose - fat beneath the skin 3. Reticular - bleachers for cells inside organs