Audiology > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

The process that involves generation of sounds, their travels and interactions within the environment, physiological processing, neural processing and physiological/cognitive processing.

A

Hearing

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2
Q

Study of the physical properties of sounds in the environment, how they travel through air, and how they are affected by objects in their environment.

A

Acoustics

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3
Q

Study of how we perceive sound

A

Psychoacoustics

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4
Q

Series of disturbances of molecules within an elastic medium such as air.

A

Sound

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5
Q

Property of a material that returns it to its original shape after it has been deformed by an external force.

A

Elasticity

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6
Q

What does Brownian motion state?

A

Molecules of air are not stationary, but due to their thermal energy are constantly moving around in random patterns at extremely hig speeds.

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7
Q

What does Boyle’s Law state?

A

There is an inverse relationship between air volume and air pressure. If one increases, the other decreases.

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8
Q

Pushes air molecules to approach and collide, more molecules in a given volume causes air pressure to increase. Due to high pressure and elasticity of air, molecules begin to return to equilibrium positions.

A

Compression

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9
Q

Due to inertia and momentum, air molecules overshoot their equilibrium marks, which causes air molecules to be more spread out, results in low pressure.

A

Rarefaction

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10
Q

What is Hooke’s Law?

A

Restoring force is proportional to the distance of displacement and acts in opposite direction.

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11
Q

Individual molecules move up and down at right angles to the direction that the wave is traveling, radiates in all directions.
Ex: think of wave motion of water

A

Transverse waves

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12
Q

Individual molecules move parallel to the direction that the wave is traveling, radiates in all directions. Sound wave.
Ex: slinky

A

Longitudinal Waves

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13
Q

When the pattern of a simple sound wave can be graphed out as a sin wave.

A

Simple harmonic motion

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14
Q

What is one cycle of vibration?

A

Molecules move from baseline to maximal displacement (compression), back to baseline, to position of maximal displacement in the opposite direction (rarefaction), return to baseline.

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15
Q

What is a graph with time on the horizontal axis and amplitude on the vertical axis?

A

Waveform

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16
Q

What is frequency?

A

Number of cycles per second, measured in Hertz.

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17
Q

What is a period?

A

Time it takes for 1 cycle of vibration to occur (t).

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18
Q

Equations for the reciprocal relationship between hertz (Hz) and period (t)?

A

F=1/t
t=1/F

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19
Q

What is the distance traveled by 1 cycle of a sound wave called?

A

Wavelength

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20
Q

What is velocity?

A

How fast a sound moves over a distance, depends on density and elastic properties of a medium which it is moving. 330 m/s at 0 degrees C.

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21
Q

Equation/relationship between velocity, wavelength, and frequency?

A

F= v/ wavelength
Wavelength= v/F

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22
Q

Refers to the position of the waveform relative to a reference point in time. Often described in terms of degrees.

A

Phase

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23
Q

What is amplitude?

A

Degree of change in pressure due to a molecular displacement over time, measured in pascals.

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24
Q

True or false? Peak amplitude is measured as the amount of pressure change above or below ambient pressure?

A

True

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25
Which method involves determining amplitude of each point by squaring it to eliminate all negative values, then taking the average?
Root-mean-squared
26
What is intensity?
Intensity refers to power per unit of area. It is the amount required to generate a certain output. The greater the amplitude, the greater the insensity.
27
What is the relationship between intensity and amplitude like?
Logarithmic relationship, intensity increase much more rapidly than amplitude does.
28
A wave in which every cycle takes the same amount of time to occur as every other cycle.
Periodic
29
What is Aperiodic?
a wave in which individual cycles do not take the same amount of time to occur, no specific frequency/pitch. Noise
30
Contains a single frequency, this periodic wave is known as a pure tone, thin quality.
Simple
31
2 or more frequencies combine (interfere) with each other, which results in a complex vibration of air molecules. May be periodic or aperiodic.
Complex
32
Describe complex periodic sounds
They consist of a series of frequencies that are mathematically related to each other with the lowest being the fundamental frequency. Frequencies above F_0 is considered harmonic frequencies. They are whole number multiples of the F_0. Ex: F_0=150, harmonics are 300, 450, 600, 750, 900
33
What is Fourier analysis?
a complex mathematical equation where any complex wave can be represented by the sum of its component frequencies as well as their amplitudes and phases.
34
True or False? Complex aperiodic sounds also consist of 2 or more frequencies, but the frequencies are not mathematically related to each other.
True
35
What is the combining of waves called?
Interference
36
What is constructive interference
When two tones of the same frequency and phase relationship combine and act in the same direction, causing the amplitude to increase.
37
What is destructive interference?
When two forces of identical frequency but 180 degrees out of phase cancel each other out.
38
What is the tendency of a system to vibrate with the greatest amplitude in response to a frequency that matches or comes close to its own natural frequency.
Resonance
39
What is natural frequency?
The frequency at which an object vibrates freely and is determined by the object's length, density, tension, and stiffness.
40
What causes resonance?
Constructive interference of the incident and reflected waves
41
What is resonant frequency?
Frequency at which the resonator undergoes the greatest vibratory response.
42
What is impedance of a medium?
opposition to transmission of acoustic energy. Ex: doors, walls Determined by mass, elasticity, and frictional characteristics of an object or medium.
43
What scale is designed to measure sounds in a way that takes into account their amplitudes and intensities in relation to how the sound is perceived in terms of loudness
Decibel Scale
44
What are the 3 important aspects of a decibel
* It utilizes a logarithm, so it is therefore nonlinear * It involves a ratio, so it is a relative unit of measure * It may be expressed in terms of various reference levels, which must be specified
45
What is the upper limit?
The threshold of pain when hearing
46
What is the reference level?
The lowest sound you can hear
47
Can decibels be added or subtracted?
No
48
Sound pressure is doubled every time what occurs?
every time dB SPL is increased by 6 dB
49
Sound intensity is doubled every time what happens?
every time dB IL increases by 3 dB
50
What is the formula for amplitude in regards to the decibel scale?
dB=20log_10(P_1/P_0)
51
Is the decibel scale logarithmic or linear?
Logarithmic
52
Why is the decibel scale logarithmic?
* To compress enormous range of intensity levels perceived by the human auditory system
53
What is Log_10(1000)=
3 (you can count the 0s of the number in the parentheses)
54
Is the decibel scale a ratio scale?
Yes
55
What does the ratio of the decibel scale measure?
amplitudes or intensities of 2 sounds
56
What is a target/standard reference sound based on?
Average threshold of hearing
57
What is the standard reference sound for the amplitude scale?
20uPa
58
What is the standard reference sound for the intensity scale?
10^-12 W/m^2
59
What does the comparison of a sound to a reference sound help
helps us to understand how an individual sound may actually be perceived (vs. just saying a sound is 0.045 Pa) The ratio also helps us to scale various units of measurement
60
Does 0 dB mean the absence of sound?
No, it just means it is the same level as the reference level
61
What does a negative decibel value mean?
That the sound is softer than reference level
62
What is the formula for intensity in regards to the decibel scale?
dB=10log_10(l_1/I_0)
63
What does each step on the decibel scale correspond to?
It corresponds to equal increase in a person's perception of loudness even though the actual pressure and intensity difference increase dramatically.
64
What do most listeners perceive a 1 dB increase as?
Just a small perceptible difference
65
What do more listeners perceive a 10 dB increase as
A sound doubling in loudness Ex: a 60dB may be perceived as twice as loud as 50 dB, even though it is actually 10X more intense
66
Is the threshold of pain relatively the same across frequencies?
Yes
67
What are some advantages of the decibel scale?
Huge ranges of intensities are condensed into approximately 140 units Relationship between the decibel scale and absolute values of pressure and intensity is very similar to the psychological function of the human auditory system
68
What is the hearing threshold?
The lowest level a person can hear a sound 50% of the time
69
True of False? The human ear is more sensitive to some frequencies than others
True
70
What does dB HL stand for?
Hearing Level
71
What is sensation level?
The number of decibels of a sound above the threshold of a given individual The threshold must be known Ex: If someone's threshold is 20dB and there was a 35dB sound, it would be considered 15 SL.
71
What does dB SL stand for?
Sensation Level
72
What is masking in regard to the perception of sound?
When 2 sounds are heard simultaneously, the intensity of one sound may be sufficient to cause the other to be inaudible. The masker cause a change in threshold for that time
73
What is pitch?
pitch is the counterpart of frequency. it is subjective. what you hear. higher frequency/higher pitch; lower pitch/lower frequency.
74
The western world uses what scale in music to portray pitch
octave scale
75
When frequency is doubled, how many octaves are raised?
One
76
What range can humans hear the best?
1,000-4,000 Hz
77
What is the range of frequencies that humans are capable of perceiving?
20-20000 Hz
78
What is loudness
Loudness is the subjective counterpart to amplitude and intensity.
79
What can be used for a unit of pitch?
Mels
80
What can be used for a unit of loudness?
Phons and sons
81
What is localization?
Ability to determine which direction sound is coming from
82
What does horizontal localization depend on?
2 ears
83
True or false? Sound arrives at different times and intensities to each ear
true
84
What is interaural time differences important for
localizing lower frequencies
85
What is interaural intensity differences more important for
localizing higher frequencies
86
Vertical localization depends on what
pinna/auricle
87
Are the SPL and IL always equivilant?
Yes
88
What is SPL
unit used for pressure. always seen after dB
89
What is IL
unit used for intensity. always seen after dB.
90
Sound is measured for what purpose?
Determining the hearing ability of a patient with possible hearing disorders Determining sound pressure levels in the environment
91
What is the audiometer
device used to measure sound
92
True or false? The audiometer can be pure tone stimuli, speech stimuli, or tranducers?
True
93
What is pure tone stimuli when referencing audiometer?
Controlling output level and frequency
93
What is speech stimuli when referencing audiometer?
Controlling output level and source (tester's voice or recording)
94
What are transducers when referencing audiometer?
How the sound is delivered to the patient
95
What is air conduction?
When pure tone waves travel through air to the patient's ear. Basic way of hearing someone Transducers can either be insert earphones, supra-aural earphones, or circumaural earphones
95
What octaves are always tested during air conduction:
250,500,1000,2000,3000,4000,6000,8000 hz
96
What specifically is the 3,000 and 6,000 octaves called when tested during air conduction?
intraoctaves
97
What is bone conduction?
A transducer (bone-oscillator) is placed against skull. Pure tone waves are delivered to the patient by vibrating the patient's skull which vibrates the bones in the patient's ear.
98
What frequencies are tested during bone conduction?
500, 1000, 2000, 4000 hz
99
How is speech stimuli most often presented?
Air conduction (can control output level and source)
99
Describe a test booth?
It is sound isolated (treated), but not sound proof. Can be custom built or prefabricated. Walls are built with insulating materials such as cinderblocks, fiberglass, and dead air space. Inside is covered with soft materials. There is a window to provide better communication, and there is ventilation and lighting.
99
Should an audiometer be calibrated often?
Yes, additionally biologic calibrations should be conducted. This is using people that are aware of their hearing capabilities to see how well the audiometer is calibrated
100
What is a sound level meter?
A device used to measure sound in the environment. Can be useful in industrial settings to determine hazardous noise levels. Can be used to make sure the testing environment is quiet enough and that equipment is calibrated.
Audiology
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