Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Cell

A
  • Structural and functional unit of life
  • Basic unit of life
  • Organismal functions depend on individual and collective cell functions
  • Biochemical activities
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2
Q

Cell Diversity

A
  • Over 200 different types of human cells

- Types differ in size, shape, sub-cellular components, and functions

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3
Q

General Cell (All Cells)

A
  • All cell have some common structures and functions
  • Human cells have three basic parts:
  • -Plasma membrane
  • -Cytoplasm
  • -Nucleus
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4
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

Flexible outer boundary
-lipid bilayer and proteins constantly changing fluid mosaic
-plays dynamic role in cellular activity
Separates intracellular fluid (ICF) from extracellular (ECF)
–Interstitial fluid (IF)= ECF that surrounds cells

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5
Q

Membrane Lipids

Lipid Bilayer

A

Phospholipids

  • Phosphate heads: polar and hydrophillic (water liking)
  • Fatty acid tails: nonpolar and hydrophobic (water fearing)
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6
Q

Membrane Proteins

A

-Allow communication with environment
-Most specialized membrane functions
2 Types
-Integral Proteins
-Peripheral Proteins

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7
Q

Integral Proteins

A

Firmly inserted into membrane

  • Have both hydrophobic and hydrophilic
  • Function as transport proteins (channels and carriers), enzymes, or receptors
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8
Q

Peripheral Proteins

A
  • Loosely attached to integral proteins
  • Include filaments on intracellular surface for membrane support
  • Function as enzymes
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9
Q

6 Functions of Membrane Proteins

Look at Diagram Cards

A
  • Transport
  • Receptors for signal transduction
  • Attachment to cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix
  • Enzymatic Activity
  • Intercellular Joining
  • Cell-cell recognition
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10
Q

Glycocalyx

A

“sugar coverings” at cell surface

  • lipids and proteins with attached carbohydrates (sugar groups)
  • Every cell has different pattern of sugars
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11
Q

Cell Junctions
2 types
3 subtypes

A 
Some are "free"
EX- blood cells, sperm cells
Some bond into communities 
3 types:
-Tight junctions
-Desmosomes
-Gap junctions
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12
Q

Tight Junctions

A

Adjacent integral proteins fuse form impermeable junction encircling cell
-prevents movement

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13
Q

Desmosomes

A

“Rivets” or “spot-welds” that anchor cells together at plaques (thickenings on plasma membrane)

  • Linker proteins between cells connect plaques
  • Lends stability to cell
  • Reduces possibility of tearing
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14
Q

Gap Junctions

A

Transmembrane proteins form pores that allow small molecules to pass from cell to cell
-for spread of ions, simple sugars, and other small molecules between cardiac or smooth muscle cells

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15
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

Cells currounded by interstitial fluid (IF)
-contains thousands of substances; amino acids, sugars, fatty acids, vitamins, hormones, salts, waste products
Plasma membrane allows cell to:
-obtain what is needed from IF
-Keep out what it does not need

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16
Q

Membrane Transport

A 
Plasma membranes selectively permeable
-some molecules pass through easily; some do not
Two ways substances cross membrane
-Passive processes
-Active processes
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17
Q

Passive Processes

A
  • No cellular energy required
  • Substance move down concentration gradient
  • Diffusion (2)
  • Osmosis
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18
Q

Diffusion

A

Molecules to move down or with their concentration gradient (speed of movement is determined by molecule size and temperature
Molecule will passively diffuse through membrane if:
-lipid soluble
-small enough to pass through membrane channels
-assisted by carrier molecule

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19
Q

3 Types of Diffusion

Look at Diagram Cards

A
  • Simple Diffusion
  • Carrier and Channel Mediated Facilitated Diffusion
  • Osmosis
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20
Q

Simple Diffusion

A

Nonpolar lipid-soluble (hydrophobic) substances diffuse directly through phospholipid bilayer
EX. oxygen, carbon dioxide, fat-soluble vitamins

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21
Q

Carrier-Facilitated Diffusion

A

Certain lipophobic molecules transported passively by;
-binding to protein carriers
-moving through water-filled channels
Transmembrane integral proteins are carriers
Used when sugars are too large for channels

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22
Q

Channel-Facilitate Diffusion

A

Watery channels formed by transmembrane proteins
Selectively transport ions or water
Two types:
-Leakage (always open)
-Gateway (controlled by chemical or electrical signals)

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23
Q

Osmosis

A 
Water moves through:
-lipid bilayer
-specific water channels
Occurs when either water or solvent is too high on one side or the other than either:
-through impermeable; 
osmosis occurs until equilibrium reached
-through permeable;
both solutes and water across membrane until equiilibrium reached
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24
Q

Pressures of Osmosis

A

Hydrostatic: back pressure of water on membrane
Osmotic: tendency of water to move into cell by osmosis

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25
Importance of Osmosis | Look at Diagram Cards
Causes cells to swell and shrink | change in cell volume disrupts cell function, especially in neurons
26
Tonicity
Ability of solution to alter cell's water volume | 3 tonics- iso, hyer, hypo
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Isotonic
Solution with same non-penetrating solute concentration as cytosol
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Hypertonic
Solution with higher non-penetrating solute concentration than than cytosol
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Hypotonic
Solution with lower non-penetrating solute concentration than cytocol
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Active Processes | 2 Types
Requires ATP to move solutes across a plasma membrane because: -Solute too large for channels -Solute not lipid soluble -Solute not able to move down concentration Two types -Active Transport -Vesicular Transport
31
Active Transport
Requires carrier proteins to move solutes against concentration gradient Requires energy (ATP) Energy stored in ionic gradients used indirectly to drive transport of other solutes Most common is Sodium Potassium Pump
32
Sodium Potassium Pump | Look at Diagram Cards
Carrier (pump) called Na+-K+ ATPase, located in plasma membranes Na+ and K+ channels allow slow leakage down concentration gradients Na+-K+ pumps works as exchanger -pumps against Na+ and K+ -high intracellular K+ concentration -high extracellular Na+ concentration Maintains electrochemical gradients for function of muscle and nerve tissues Allows all cells to maintain fluid volume
33
Vesicular Transport
``` Transport of large particles, macromolecules, and fluids across membrane in membranous sacs called vesicles -Requires energy (ATP) 4 Functions: -Exocytosis -Endocytosis -Transcytosis -Vesicular Trafficking ```
34
Endocytosis
``` Transport into a cell protein-coated vesicles Some pathogens also hijack for transport into cell Once vesicle is inside cell it may: -fuse with lysosome -undergo transcytosis ```
35
Exocytosis
``` Transport out of a cell Usually activated by cell-surface signal or change in membrane voltage Substance enclosed in secretory vesicle Functions: -Hormone secretion -Neurotransmitter release -Mucus secretion -Ejection of wastes ```
36
Transcytosis
Transport into, across, and then out of a cell
37
Vesicular Trafficking
Transport from one area or organelle in cell to another
38
Resting Membrane Potential (RMP)
- Produced by separation of oppositely charged particles (voltage) across membrane in all cells - Voltage (electrical potential energy) only at membrane
39
Electochemical Gradient
electro (charge); chemical (ion concentration) K+ diffuses out of the cell through K+ leakage channels and so inside cell membrane more negative K+ attracted back K+ equalizes across membrane at -90mV when K+ concentration gradient balanced by electrical gradient =RMP
40
Cytoplasm
Located between the plasma membrane and nucleus Made of -Cytosol- water with proteins, salts, and sugars -Organelles-cell parts with their individual function
41
Membranous
Rigid with a direct flow - Mitochondria - Peroxisomes - Lysosomes - Endoplasmic Reticulum - Golgi Apparatus
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Nonmembranous
Free floating - Cytoskeleton - Centrioles - Ribosomes
43
Mitochondria
- Double membrane structure - Breaks down food; turns into energy - Power house
44
Ribosomes
``` Makes proteins with RNA Protein Synthesis 2 types: -Free -Membrane-bound ```
45
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Two types: Rough ER Smooth ER
46
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Packages proteins, and sends them to the Golgi Apparatus
47
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Provides Enzymes to: - Absorb and transport fats - Metabolic purposes - Storage of calcium
48
Golgi Apparatus
Membranous Sacs | -Modifies, concentrates, and packages proteins and lipids from rough ER
49
Peroxisomes
Detoxifies harmful or toxic substances | -Neutralize dangerous free radicals
50
Lysosomes
Destroys cells in injured or non-useful tissue | Contains digestive enzymes
51
Endomembrane
``` Inside membrane of the cell Includes: -ER -Golgi Apparatus -Secretory vesicles -lysosomes -nuclear and plasma membranes ```
52
Cytoskeleton
``` Cells skeleton -protects the cell from being squished -structure for the cell Includes -micro-filaments -intermediate filaments -microtubules ```
53
Centrosomes and Centrioles
Cell center near nucleus | organizes mitotic spindles
54
Cilia and Flagella
Cell Extensions - contains support structure - moves substances across the cell surface
55
Microvilli
Cell Extension | -increases surface area for absorption
56
Nucleus
Nucleus has DNA (blueprint) for making proteins | Responds to signals
57
Nuclear Envelope
Double Membrane barrier | Protects Nucleus by allowing some substances to pass
58
Nucleoli
- Within Nucleus - rRNA synthesis - Contains DNA coding for rRNA
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Chromatin
Threadlike strands of DNA, histone proteins, and RNA | Condenses into barlike bodies called chromosomes when cell starts to divide
60
Cell Cycle
Changes the formation of the cell until it reproduces. 2 parts Interphase Mitotic Phase
61
Interphase
Cell grows and carries out functions - Period from cell formation to cell division - Nuclear material called chromatin - Adulthood of a cell
62
Cell Division (Mitotic Phase)
Divides into 2 cells
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DNA Replication
Prior to division cell makes copy of DNA The DNA helix splits and enzymes add nucleotides. End result: two identical DNA molecules -Copy given to new cell -Initial DNA is retained in original cell
64
Meiosis
Cell divides in half | Ex. Egg and Sperm
65
Mitosis
Clone Division of nucleus Used for growth and tissue repair
66
Control of Cell Division
"GO" signal - Cell grows to large so either divide or die - Need to grow for body to grow - They want contact so grow and divide so they touch and fill space
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Protein Synthesis
DNA is mater blueprint for protein synthesis | Gene-segment of DNA with blueprint for ONE polypeptide
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Role of RNA in Protein Synthesis
``` DNA decoding mechanism and messenger Three types -Messenger RNA (mRNA) -Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) -Transfer RNA (tRNA) ```
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Difference between RNA and DNA
Uracil is substituted for Thymine
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Messenger RNA
Carries instructions for building for building polypeptide - From gene in DNA - To ribosomes in cytoplasm
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Ribosomal RNA
Structural component of ribosomes | -Helps translate message from mRNA
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Transfer RNA
- Bind to amino acids - Begin process of protein synthesis - Makes proteins
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Two Steps for Protein Synthesis
Transcription | Translation
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Transcription
``` Copy Transcription Factors: to make mRNA Loosens DNA in area to be transcribed Makes a template strand RNA polymerase directs this process -Enzyme making it happen ```
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Translation
Decodes Converts base sequence of nucleic acids into amino acid sequence of proteins Involves all forms of RNA
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Rough ER in Protein Synthesis
Forming protein enters ER | Protein enclosed in vesicle for transport to Golgi Apparatus
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Summary: From DNA to Proteins
Complementary base pairing directs transfer of genetic information in DNA into amino acid sequence of protein - DNA-mRNA - Complementary base pairing of mRNA with tRNA ensures correct amino acid sequence - This sequence is identical to DNA sequence except uracil substituted for thymine
78
Extracellular Materials
Body fluids- interstitial fluid, blood plasma, cerebrospinal fluid Cellular Secretions- intestinal and gastric fluids, saliva, mucus, and serous fluids
79
Developmental Aspects of Cells
All cells of body contain same DNA but cells not identical Chemical signals turn some genes on and others off Development of specific and distinctive features in cells called Cell Differentiation
80
Apoptosis
-During development more cells than needed produced -Eliminated later by programmed cell death Birth -Organs well formed and functional before birth Adulthood -Cell division to replace short-lived cells and repair wounds
81
Hyperplasia
Increases cell numbers when needed
82
Atrophy
decreased size, results from loss of stimulation or use
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