Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

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1
Q

Articulation

A

Where two bones meet

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2
Q

Functions of Joints

A

Mobility

Stability

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3
Q

Two Classifications

A

Functional

Structural

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4
Q

Functional Classification

A

Based on

-Amount of movement joint allows

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5
Q

3 Functional Classification

A

Arthro-Joint

  • Synarthroses- Syn- Doesn’t Move
  • Amphiarthroses- Amph- Little Movement
  • Diathroses- Di- Freely Moveable
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6
Q

Structural Classification

A

Based on

  • Material binding bones together
  • Presence/absence of joint cavity
  • -Joint Cavity- Space between joint
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7
Q

3 Structural Classifications

A

Fibrous Joint
Cartilaginous Joint
Synovial Joint

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8
Q

Fibrous Joints

A

Bones joined by dense fibrous connective tissue
No joint cavity
Most movable
-Depends on length of connective tissue fibers

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9
Q

3 Types of Fibrous Joints

A

Sutures
Syndesmoses
Gomphoses

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10
Q

Fibrous Joints: Sutures

A
  • Rigid, interlocking joints
  • Immovable joints for protection of brain
  • Contain short connective tissues fibers
  • Allow for growth during youth
  • In middle age, sutures ossify and fuse
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11
Q

Fibrous Joints: Syndesmoses

A

Bones connected by ligaments
Fiber length varies so movement varies
-Little to no movement at inferior tibiofibular joint
-Large amount of movement at interosseous membrane connecting radius and ulna

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12
Q

Fibrous Joints: Gomphoses

A
  • Peg-in-socket joints of teeth in alveolar sockets
  • Fibrous connections
  • No movement at all
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13
Q

Cartilaginous Joints

A

Bones united by cartilage
No joint cavity
Very little movable

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14
Q

2 Types of Cartilaginous Joints

A

Synchondroses

Symphyses

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15
Q

Cartilaginous Joints: Synchondroses

A

Bar/Plate of hyaline cartilage unites bones

  • Temporary epiphyseal plate joints
  • Cartilage of 1st rib with manubrium
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16
Q

Cartilaginous Joints: Symphyses

A

Fibrocartilage unites bone
-Hyaline cartilage present as articular cartilage
Strong flexible amphiarthroses

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17
Q

Synovial Joints

A 
Bones are separated by fluid-filled joint cavity
All are diarthrotic 
-Lots of movement
Includes:
-All limb joints
-Most joints of body
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18
Q

Synovial Joints: 6 Distinguishing Features

A
  1. Articular Cartilage: Hyaline Cartilage
  2. Joint (synovial) Cavity
  3. Articular (joint) Capsule
  4. Synovial Fluid
  5. Different Types of Reinforcing Ligaments
  6. Nerves and Blood Vessels
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19
Q

Articular (Joint) Capsule

A

Two layers

  • External Fibrous Layer
  • -Dense irregular connective tissue
  • Inner Synovial Membrane
  • -Loose connective tissue
  • -Makes synovial fluid
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20
Q

Synovial Fluid

A
  • Viscous, slippery filtrate of plasma and hyaluronic acid
  • Lubricates and nourishes articular cartilage
  • Contains phagocytic cells to remove microbes and debris
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21
Q

Different Types of Reinforcing Ligaments

A 
Capsular
-Thickest
Extracapsular
-Outside
Intracapsular 
-Deep
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22
Q

Nerves and Blood Vessels

A

Nerve Fibers
-Detect pain
-Monitor joint position + stretch
Capillary beds supply filtrate for synovial fluid

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23
Q

Other Features of Some Synovial Joints (2)

A 
Fatty Pads
Articular Discs (Menisci)
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24
Q

Fatty Pads

A

For cushioning between fibrous layer and synovial membrane or bone

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25
Articular Discs (Menisci)
Fibrocartilage separates articular surfaces to improve "fit" of bone ends, stabilize joint, and reduce wear and tear
26
Structures Associated with Synovial Joints (2)
Bursae | Tendon Sheaths
27
Bursae
Sacs lined with synovial membrane -Contains synovial fluid Reduce friction
28
Tendon Sheaths
Elongated bursa wrapped completely around tendon subjected to friction
29
3 Stabilizing Factors at Synovial Joints
- Shapes of articular surfaces - Ligament number and location - Muscle tendons that cross joint
30
Synovial Joints: Movements Allowed
All muscles attach to bone or connective tissue at no fewer than two points -Origin- Beginning -Insertion- Ending -Muscle contraction causes insertion to move toward origin Movement occur along transverse, frontal, or sagittal planes
31
Synovial Joints: Range of Motion (3)
Uniaxial Biaxial Multiaxial
32
Uniaxial
Movement in one plane
33
Biaxial
Movement in two planes
34
Multiaxial
Movement in or around all three planes
35
3 Types of Movement of Synovial Joints
Gliding Angular Movements Rotation
36
Gliding Movements
One flat bone surface glides or slips over another similar surface - Intercarpal joints - Intertarsal joints - Between articular processes of vertebrae
37
Angular Movements
Increase or decrease angle between two bones | Sagittal or Frontal Plane
38
Sagittal Angular Movement
``` Flexion -Decreases the angle of the joint Extension -Increases the angle of the joint Hyperextension -Movement beyond the anatomical position ```
39
Frontal Angular Movement
Abduction -Movement away from the midline Adduction -Movement toward the midline
40
Rotation
``` Turning of bone around its own long axis -Toward the midline or away from it -Medial and lateral rotation Examples -Between C1 and C2 vertebrae -Rotation of humerus and femur ```
41
Types of Synovial Joints (6)
- Plane - Hinge - Pivot - Condylar - Saddle - Ball-and-Socket
42
Knee Joint
Largest, most complex joint of body 3 Joints surrounded by a single joint cavity -Femoropatellar Joint -Lateral and Medial Tibiofemoral Joints
43
Femoropatellar Joint
Plane joint | Allows gliding motion during knee flexion
44
Lateral and Medial Tibiofemoral Joints
Femoral condyles with lateral and medial menisci of tibia | Allow flexion, extension, and some rotation
45
Knee Joint
Capsule is reinforced by muscle tendons -Quadriceps and Semimembranosus tendons Joint capsule is thin
46
Capsular and Extracapsular Ligaments
- Help prevent hyperextension of knee | - Fibular and Tibial Collateral Ligaments
47
Intracapsular Ligaments
-Prevent anterior-posterior displacement -Reside outside synovial cavity Two Types -Anterior Cruciate Ligament -Posterior Cruciate Ligament
48
Anterior Cruciate Ligament
Attaches to anterior tibia
49
Posterior Cruciate Ligament
Attaches to posterior tibia
50
Knee Joint Injuries
Absorbs great vertical force | Vulnerable to horizontal blows, especially laterally blows to extended knee
51
3 C's of Knee Injuries
Collateral Ligaments Cruciate Ligaments Cartilages
52
Shoulder (Glenohumeral) Joint
Ball-and-Socket Joint -Head of humerus with glenoid cavity of scapula Most freely moving joint in body -Stability sacrificed
53
Reinforcing Ligaments of Shoulder Joint
Primarily on anterior aspect 3 Glenohumeral Ligaments -Weak and sometimes absent
54
Reinforcing Muscle Tendons of Shoulder Joint
4 Rotator Cuff Tendons encircle shoulder joint - Subscapularis - Infrapinatus - Teres minor - Supraspinatus
55
Elbow Joint
Articulation of radius and ulna with humerus Hinge Joint -Notch of Ulna with trochlea of humerus -Flexion and extension only
56
Elbow Joint Ligaments
``` Anular Ligament -Surrounds head of radius Two Capsular ligaments restrict side-to-side movement -Ulnar Collateral Ligament -Radial Collateral Ligament ```
57
Hip (Coxal) Joint
Ball-and-socket Joint -Head of femur articulates with acetabulum Good range of motion Rib of fibrocartilage- Acetabular Labrum -Enhances depth of socket so hip dislocations are rare
58
Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ)
Mandibular condyle articulates with temporal bone Two Types of movement -Hinge- depression and elevation of mandible -Gliding- side-to-side Most easily dislocated joint in the body
59
Common Joint Injuries (4)
Cartilage Tears Sprains Dislocations Subluxation
60
Cartilage Tears
- Due to compression and shear stress - Fragments may cause joint to lock or bind - Cartilage rarely repairs itself
61
Sprains
-Reinforcing ligaments stretched or torn -Partial tears slowly repair heal --Poor vascularization 3 options -Ends sown together -Replaced with grafts -Time and immobilization
62
Dislocation (Luxation)
- Bones forced out of alignment - Accompanied by sprains, inflammation, and difficultly moving joint - Caused by serious falls or contact sports - Must be reduced to treat (low swelling)
63
Subluxation
Partial dislocation of a joint
64
Inflammatory and Degenerative Conditions
Bursitis | Tendonitis
65
Bursitis
- Inflammation of bursa, usually caused by blow or friction | - Treated with rest and ice, anti-inflammatory drug
66
Tendonitis
- Inflammation of tendon sheaths typically caused by overuse | - Symptoms and treatment similar to bursitis
67
Arthritis
``` -More than 100 types of inflammatory or degenerative diseases that damage joints Symptoms -pain -stiffness -swelling of joint Chronic Forms -Osteoarthritis -Rheumatoid Arthritis -Gouty Arthritis ```
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