Psychology > Chapter 3: Human Development > Flashcards

Chapter 3: Human Development Flashcards

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1
Q

Developmental psychology

A

the study of the normal changes in behavior that occur across the lifespan

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2
Q

heredity (“nature”)

A

the transmission of physical and psychological characteristics from parents to offspring through genes

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3
Q

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

A

a molecular structure that contains coded genetic information

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4
Q

chromosomes

A

rodlike structures in the cell nucleus that house an individual’s genes

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5
Q

genes

A

areas on a strand of DNA that carry hereditary information

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6
Q

genetic disorders

A

problems caused by defects in the genes or by inherited characteristics

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7
Q

dominant gene

A

a gone whose influence will be expressed each time that the genes is present

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8
Q

recessive gene

A

A gene whose influence will be expressed only when it is paired with a second recessive gene of the same type

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9
Q

polygenic characteristics

A

personal traits or physical properties that are influenced by many genes working in combination

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10
Q

maturation

A

the physical growth and development of the body, brain, and nervous system

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11
Q

environment (“nurture”)

A

the sum of all external conditions affecting development, including especially the effects of learning

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12
Q

teratogen

A

a harmful substance that can cause birth defects

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13
Q

congenital problems

A

defects that originate during prenatal development in the womb

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14
Q

petal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD)

A

a collection of conditions occurring in children whose mothers consumed alcohol during pregnancy

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15
Q

temperament

A

general pattern of attention, arousal, and mood that is evident from birth

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16
Q

developmental level

A

an individual’s current state of physical, emotional, and intellectual development

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17
Q

readiness

A

a condition that exists when maturation has advanced enough to allow the rapid acquisition of a particular skill

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18
Q

sensitive period

A

during development, a period of increased sensitivity to environmental influences. It is also a time during which certain events must take place for normal development to occur

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19
Q

deprivation

A

in development, the loss or withholding or normal stimulation, nutrition, comport, love, and so forth; a condition of absence

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20
Q

enrichment

A

in development, deliberately making an environment more stimulating, nutritional, comforting, loving, and so forth

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21
Q

adolescence

A

the culturally define period between childhood and adulthood

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22
Q

emerging adulthood

A

a socially accepted period of extended adolescence that is now quite common in Western and Westernized societies

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23
Q

subjective well-being

A

general life satisfaction combined with frequent positive emotions and relatively few negative emotions

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24
Q

ageism

A

stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination directed against someone based solely on their age

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25
Puberty
biologically defined period during which a person matures sexually and becomes capable of reproduction
26
social smile
Smile elicited by a social stimulus, such as seeing a parent’s face
27
affectional needs
emotional needs for care, love, and positive relationships with others
28
attachments
emotional bonding between an infant and its parents or caregivers
29
surrogate mother
a substitute mother (in animal research, often an inanimate object or a dummy)
30
contact comfort
a pleasant and reassuring feeling that human and animal infants get from touching or clinging to something soft and warm, usually their mothers
31
separation anxiety
distress displayed by infants when they are separated from their parents or principal caregivers
32
secure attachment
a stable and positive emotional bond
33
insecure-avoidant attachment
an anxious emotional bond marked by a tendency to avoid reunion with a parent of caregiver
34
insecure-ambivalent attachment
an anxious emotional boned marked by both a desire to be with a parent of caregiver and some resistance to being reunited
35
psychosocial development
the lifelong process of developing relationships with parents or caregivers, other children, and other adults
36
developmental tasks
skills that must be mastered, or personal changes that must take place, for optimal development
37
psychosocial dilemma
a conflict between personal impulses and the social world
38
trust or mistrust
a conflict early in life about learning to trust others and the world
39
autonomy or shame and doubt
a conflict created when growing self-control (autonomy) is pitted against feelings of shame or doubt
40
initiative or guilt
a conflict between learning to take initiative and overcoming feelings of guilt about doing so
41
industry or inferiority
a conflict in middle childhood centered around lack of support for industrious behavior, which can result in feelings of inferiority
42
identity or role confusion
a conflict of adolescence involving the need to establish a personal identity
43
intimacy of isolation
the challenge of overcoming a sense of isolation by establishing intimacy with others
44
generativity or stagnation
a conflict or mislead adulthood in which self-interest is countered by and interest in guiding the next generation
45
integrity versus despair
a convoluted in late adulthood between feelings of integrity and the despair or viewing previous life events with regret
46
parental styles
identifiable patterns of parental caretaking and interaction with children
47
authoritarian parents
parents who enforce rigid rules and demand strict obedience to authority
48
power assertion
the use of physical punishment or coercion to enforce child discipline
49
withdrawal of love
withholding affection to enforce child discipline
50
self-esteem
regarding oneself as a worthwhile person; a positive evaluation of oneself
51
Overly permissive parents
parents who give little guidance, allow too much freedom, or do
52
authoritative parents
parents who supply firm and consistent guidance combined with love and affection
53
management techniques
approaches that combine praise, recognition, approval, rules, and reasoning to enforce child discipline
54
moral development
the development of values that, along with appropriate emotions and cognitions, guide responsible behavior
55
preconventional moral reasoning
moral thinking based on the consequences of one’s choices or actions (punishment, reward, or an exchange of favors)
56
Conventional moral reasoning
moral thinking based on a desire to please others or to follow accepted rules and values
57
postconventional moral reasoning
moral thinking based on carefully examined and self-chosen moral principles
58
biological predisposition
the presumed hereditary readiness of humans to learn certain skills, such as how to use language or a readiness to behave in particular ways
59
signals
in early language development, baheaviors, such as touching, vocalizing, gazing, or smiling, that allow nonverbal interaction and turn-taking between parent and child
60
motherese (parenthese)
a pattern of speech used when talking to infants, marked by a higher-pitched voice; short, simple sentences; repetition; slower speech; and exaggerated voice inflections
61
schema
a mental structure composed of an organized learned body of knowledge or skills about a particular topic, according to Piaget
62
assimilation
the application of an established schema to new
63
accomodation (learning)
modification of an established schema to fit a new object of problem, according to Piaget
64
sensorimotor stage
Piaget’s initial stage of development, when the infant’s mental activity is only sensory perception and motor skills
65
object performance
recognizing that physical things continue to exist, even when they are no longer visible
66
preoperational stage
Piaget’s second stage of cognitive development, characterized by the use of symbols and illogical thought
67
transformation (Piagetian)
the mental ability to change the shape or form of a substance (such as clay or water) and to perceive that its volume remains the same
68
intuitive thought
thinking that makes little or no use of reasoning and logic
69
egocentrism
the belief that everyone thinks as you do
70
concrete operational stage
Piaget’s third stage of cognitive development, characterized by logical thought
71
conservation
Piaget’s term for the awareness that a physical quantities stay constant despite changes in shape or appearance
72
formal operational stage
Piaget’s fourth stage of cognitive development, characterized by the ability to engage in think and that includes abstract, theoretical, and hypothetical ideas
73
Theory of mind
the understanding that people have mental states, such as thoughts, beliefs, and intentions and that other people’s mental states can be different from one’s own
74
zone of proximal development
a term referring to the range of tasks that a child cannot yet master alone, but that she or he can accomplish with the guidance of a more capable partner
75
scaffolding
the process of adjusting instruction so that it is responsive to a beginner’s behavior and supports the beginner’s efforts to understand a problem to gain a mental skill
Psychology
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