Chapter 9: Intelligence

Question 1

Intelligence

Answer 1

capacity for rational thought, purposeful action, and effective adaptation

Question 2

g-factor

Answer 2

measure of an individual’s overall intelligence as opposed to specific abilities

Question 3

fluid intelligence

Answer 3

the ability to solve novel problems involving perceptual speed or rapid insight

Question 4

crystallized intelligence

Answer 4

the ability to solve problems using already acquired knowledge

Question 5

aptitude

Answer 5

the capacity for learning certain abilities

Question 6

special aptitude test

Answer 6

a test to predict a person’s likelihood of succeeding in a particular area of work or skill

Question 7

multiple aptitude test

Answer 7

a test that measures two or more aptitudes

Question 8

general intelligence test

Answer 8

a test that measures a wide variety of intellectual abilities

Question 9

psychometric test

Answer 9

any measurement of a person’s mental functions

Question 10

reliability

Answer 10

the ability of a test to yield the same score, or nearly the same score, each time it is given to the same person

Question 11

validity

Answer 11

the ability of a test to measure what is purports to measure

Question 12

objective test

Answer 12

a test that Ives the same score when different people correct it

Question 13

test standardization

Answer 13

establishing standards for administering a test and interpreting scores

Question 14

norm

Answer 14

an average score for a designated group of people

Question 15

performance (nonverbal) intelligence

Answer 15

intelligence measured by solving puzzles, assembling objects, completing pictures, and other nonverbal tasks

Question 16

verbal intelligence

Answer 16

intelligence measure by answering questions involving vocabulary, general information, arithmetic, and other language- or symbol-oriented tasks

Question 17

mental age

Answer 17

in intelligence testing, the average cognitive ability displayed by people of a given age

Question 18

intelligence quotient (IQ)

Answer 18

mental age divided by chronological age times 100

Question 19

normal distribution

Answer 19

bell-shaped curve of scores with a large number in the middle and very few on the high and low ends

Question 20

deviation IQ

Answer 20

an IQ obtained statistically from a person’s relative standing in his or her age group-that is, how far above or below average the person’s score is relative to other scores

Question 21

giftedness

Answer 21

the possession of either a high IQ or special talents or aptitudes

Question 22

intellectual disability (intellectual developmental disorder)

Answer 22

the presence of a developmental disability, a formal IQ score below 70, and a significant impairment of adaptive behavior

Question 23

savant syndrome

Answer 23

the possession of exceptional mental ability in one or more narrow areas, such as mental arithmetic, calandra calculation, art, or muscle, by a person of limited general intelligence

Question 24

familial intellectual disability

Answer 24

mild intellectual disability associated with homes that are intellectually nutritionally, and emotionally impoverished

Question 25

down syndrome

Answer 25

a genetic disorder caused by the presence of an extra chromosome; results in intellectual disability

Question 26

fragile X syndrome

Answer 26

a genetic form of intellectual disability caused by a defect in the X chromosome

Question 27

phenylketonuria (PKU)

Answer 27

a genetic disease that allows phenylpyruvic acid to accumulate in the body

Question 28

microcephaly

Answer 28

a disorder in which the head and brain are abnormally small

Question 29

cretinism

Answer 29

stunted growth and intellectual disability caused by an insufficient supply of thyroid hormone

Question 30

twin study

Answer 30

a comparison of the characteristics of twins who were raised together of separated at birth used to identify the relative impact of heredity and environment

Question 31

fraternal twins

Answer 31

twins conceived from two separate eggs

Question 32

identical twins

Answer 32

twins who develop from a single egg and so share the same genes

Question 33

Early childhood education program

Answer 33

a program that produces stimulating intellectual experiences, typically for disadvantages preschoolers

Question 34

culture-fair test

Answer 34

a test (such as an intelligence test) designed to minimize the importance of skills and knowledge that may be more common in some cultures than in others

Question 35

reaction time

Answer 35

the amount of time that a person must look at a stimulus to make a correct judgment about it

Question 36

speed of processing

Answer 36

the speed with which a person can mentally process information

Question 37

neural intelligence

Answer 37

the innate speed and efficiency of a person’s brain and nervous system

Question 38

experiential intelligence

Answer 38

specialized knowledge and skills acquired through learning and experience

Question 39

reflective intelligence

Answer 39

an ability to manage one’s own thinking and problem-solving efforts

Question 40

artificial intelligence (AI)

Answer 40

any artificial system (often a computer program) that is capable of humanlike problem solving or intelligent responding

Question 41

multiple intelligences

Answer 41

Howard Garner’s theory that there are several specializes types of intellectual activity

Question 42

emotional intelligence

Answer 42

the ability to perceive, use, understand, and manage emotions