self concept 2 factoren
3 levels van self-concept
individual
relational
collective (memberships in entities)
3 characteristics of self-concepts (3x c)
-complexity: hoeveel distinctive roles? als ze interconnected zijn, dan is complexity low (bijvoorbeeld allemaal van werk)
-consistency: zijn de rollen allemaal hetzelfde, komen ze overeen met elkaar?
-clarity: do you have a clear, defined and stable self-construct? ook wel confidence
alles hoog = zelfverzekerd
self-enhancement gevolgen in de workplace
+ wel goed omdat het zelfvertrouwen verhoogt
- meer risico door overestimating themselves
- take longer to recognize mistakes
self-verification =
people are motivated to confirm and maintain their existing self-concept
hoe beinvloedt self-verification de workplace
self-evaluation
positief of negatief. gewoon hoe goed jij denkt dat je bent
self-evaluation 3 factoren
difference personal identity and social identity
personal: uniqueness. social: in relation to others
social identity theory
people define themselves on the basis of the groups in which they belong
categorical thinking
unconscious categorization of people and objects into perceived categories
tegelijkertijd met categorical thinking ook making sense of stimuli, door middel van
emotions -> geven gelijk aan of een omgeving goed of slecht voor ons is.
mental models
models we use to describe explain and predict the world around us
+ makkelijker om sense van de wereld te maken
- lastig om te veranderen
stereotype
beliefs via which we assign characteristics to a group, and automatically assume everyone of that group has these characteristics.
waarom stereotyperen?
3 problems with stereotyping
attribution:
forming beliefs about the causes of an event or behaviour
3 attribution rules
consistency: is het bij diegene altijd zo?
distinctiveness: is het in andere situaties ook zo?
consensus: doen anderen het ook zo?
denk aan student en klappen
self-serving bias
attribute our failure to external factors
fundamental attribution error
anderen hun gedrag attributeren aan hun eigen persoonlijkheid
self-fulfilling prophecy
expectations about another person lead to that person behaving in a way that is consistent with these expectations
wanneer is self-fulfilling prophecy het sterkste
positive organizational behaviour
focusing on the positive will lead to better well-being and organizational success
4 other perceptual effects