Chapter 35

Question 1

As its name implies, the hypothalamus is ___________ to the thalamus. The hypothalamus is also anterior to the thalamus.

Answer 1

inferior

Question 2

Like the thalamus, the hypothalamus is split into right and left halves by the _________ ventricle.

Answer 2

third

Question 3

The most anterior part of the hypothalamus is the lamina terminalis which forms the _____________ wall of the _________ ventricle.

Answer 3

anterior

third

Question 4

Since the lamina terminalis is above and slightly anterior to the optic chiasma, the nuclei in the lamina terminalis are called the pre-___________ nuclei.

Answer 4

pre optic

Question 5

pic

Answer 5

pic

Question 6

The medial and lateral preoptic nuclei are the most __________ nuclei of the _____________.

Answer 6

anterior

hypothalamus

Question 7

The hypothalamus regulates the viscera. Thus, the highest centers of the autonomic nervous system are in the _________________.

Answer 7

hypothalamus

Question 8

The medial preoptic nucleus is an _________________ nucleus regulating the body’s cooling mechanisms.

Answer 8

autonomic

Question 9

The medial preoptic nucleus causes cutaneous vasodilation by way of a polysynaptic pathway. Cutaneous vasodilation _______ the body.

Answer 9

cools

Question 10

The _________ ____________ nucleus also initiates sweating to further _________ the body.

Answer 10

medial preoptic

cool

Question 11

Since it contains more than 2 neurons, the control of sweating is also a _____________ pathway.

Answer 11

polysynaptic

Question 12

When body temperature exceeds the setpoint of 37oC, dopaminergic nerves activate the ________ ____________ nucleus by releasing _____________ on its D1 receptors.

Answer 12

medial preoptic

dopamine

Question 13

Release of dopamine onto ____ receptors on neurons of the medial preoptic nucleus initiates __________ mechanisms such as ________________ and ____________.

Answer 13

D1
cooling
vasodilation
sweating

Question 14

Blocking the D1 receptors in the medial preoptic nucleus causes a ____ in body temperature

Answer 14

rise

Question 15

In hypersensitive patients, blocking ____ receptors can cause a high fever

Answer 15

D1

Question 16

Fever may also be caused by cytokines, such as prostaglandin E2, that __________ the response of neurons in the ______ ___________ nucleus to dopamine.

Answer 16

inhibit

medial preoptic

Question 17

The interstitial nuclei of the hypothalamus are embedded in the medial preoptic nucleus. The nucleus designated INAH3 is the _______ interstitial nucleus of the anterior _____________ as one counts from superior to inferior.

Answer 17

3rd

hypothalamus

Question 18

18. The third interstitial nucleus of the anterior hypothalamus has different inputs and larger neurons in heterosexual men than in homosexual men. We thus assume that sexual orientation is determined by the _______ _______________ nucleus of the ___________ ______________ and its connections.

Answer 18

third interstitial

anterior hypothalamus

Question 19

19. The female pheromone estratetraeneone stimulates the ________ _____________ nucleus of the ___________ hypothalamus in heterosexual men but not in homosexual men.

Answer 19

third interstitial

anterior

Question 20

20. The optic chiasma is below and just behind the lamina terminalis. The supraoptic region of the hypothalamus is ________ optic chiasma and just behind the ___________ nuclei in the lamina terminalis.

Answer 20

above (or superior to)

preoptic

Question 21

21. The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the most inferior nucleus of the supraoptic region. It lies on the superior surface of the _______ __________ and receives a small input from it.

Answer 21

optic chiasma

Question 22

22. The suprachiasmatic nucleus receives input from the intrinsically photreceptive ganglion cells of the retina via the ________ __________ and uses this input to regulate one’s circadian rhythm.

Answer 22

optic chiasma

Question 23

23. Melatonin secreted by the __________ gland reaches the suprachiasmatic nucleus through the ___________ and contributes to setting the ___________ rhythm.

Answer 23

pineal
blood
circadian

Question 24

24. Circadian rhythm is synchronized with daylight by the input of the ________________ _________________ __________ ________ of the retina and to the _________________ nucleus.

Answer 24

intrinsically
photosensitive ganglion cells
suprachiasmatic

Question 25

25. The anterior nucleus of the hypothalamus sits above the suprachiasmatic nucleus in the medial part of the ______________ region. Despite its name, the “anterior nucleus” of the hypothalamus must be posterior to the ________ ______________ nucleus of the hypothalamus.

Answer 25

supraoptic | medial preoptic

Question 26

26. The anterior nucleus of the hypothalamus initiates parasympathetic nervous activity. Axons of neurons in the anterior nucleus of the hypothalamus project to ______________ nuclei in the brainstem and sacral levels of the _________ ______.

Answer 26

parasympathetic | spinal cord

Question 27

27. Some projections of the medial preoptic nucleus to the anterior nucleus of the hypothalamus initiate __________ of cutaneous blood vessels when one is overheated.

Answer 27

dilation (or vasodilation)

Question 28

28. The anterior nucleus of the hypothalamus can send messages to the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve to place the viscera in a "rest and recuperation" mode by diverting blood from skeletal muscle to the ___________________ tract.

Answer 28

digestive

Question 29

The _____________ ____________ of the __________________ is the highest parasympathetic nerve center. It projects to preganglionic ___________________ neurons in the ____________________ and __________ _________.

Answer 29

anterior nucleus hypothalamus parasympathetic brainstem spinal cord

Question 30

30. The paraventricular nucleus is superior to the anterior nucleus in the medial part of the wall of the ___________ ventricle. The paraventricular nucleus bulges slightly into the lumen of the _________ _______________.

Answer 30

third | third ventricle

Question 31

32. Nursing causes the paraventricular nucleus to secrete oxytocin which reaches circulation via the neurohypophysis and causes "let down" (i.e., delivery) of _________ in a nursing mother.

Answer 31

milk

Question 32

33. Collateral branches of the axons to the neurohypophysis project to the nucleus accumbens where oxytocin promotes affection between ____________ and __________ .

Answer 32

mother | baby

Question 33

34. A massage will also cause the collateral branches of axons from the ________________ ________ to release ___________________ in the nucleus accumbens and promote affection between the recipient and the giver.

Answer 33

paraventricular nucleus | oxytocin

Question 34

35. The supraoptic nucleus is lateral to the anterior nucleus of the hypothalamus. The supraoptic nucleus is thus the lateral part of the _______________________ group of hypothalamic nuclei.

Answer 34

supraoptic

Question 35

36. Unlike the suprachiasmatic, anterior, and paraventricular nuclei, the supraoptic nucleus does not make contact with the lumen of the ___________ ____________________.

Answer 35

third ventricle

Question 36

37. Like the paraventricular nucleus, the supraoptic nucleus sends its axons down the pituitary stalk and release its hormones into the capillary bed of the _______________________.

Answer 36

neurohypophysis

Question 37

38. Although the supraoptic nucleus secretes some oxytocin, its principal secretion is anti-diuretic hormone which ___________ diuresis (i.e., excessive urination).

Answer 37

prevents

Question 38

39. Anti-diuretic hormone is synthesized in the __________________ ___________ and released in the _______________________.

Answer 38

supraoptic nucleus | neurohypophysis

Question 39

Anti-diuretic hormone prevents _____________ _________________ by promoting _____________ recovery by the medullary collecting tubule of the ______________.

Answer 39

excessive urination (or diuresis) water kidney

Question 40

The middle region of the hypothalamus is the tuberal region which is just _______________ to the supraoptic region.

Answer 40

posterior

Question 41

42. The tuberal region lies just above the ___________ cinereum and the pituitary _________.

Answer 41

tuber | stalk

Question 42

43. The only midline nucleus of the hypothalamus, the arcuate nucleus, lines the floor and lower walls of the ________ ventricle in the tuberal region of the hypothalamus.

Answer 42

third

Question 43

44. The most inferior nucleus of the tuberal region of the hypothalamus is the ___________ __________ which is just above (superior to) the _________ ___________.

Answer 43

arcuate | nucleus tuber cinereum

Question 44

45. The tuber cinereum is a bulge created by the presence of the _________ _________ between the floor of the third ventricle and the roof of the interpeduncular cistern of the subarachnoid space.

Answer 44

arcuate nucleus

Question 45

46. The arcuate nucleus controls metabolism by secreting somatotropin releasing hormone, dopamine, and thyrotropin releasing hormone into capillaries feeding the _______________

Answer 45

hypophyseal | portal veins

Question 46

pic

Answer 46

pic

Question 47

48. The adenohypophysis is called the “master gland,” but its master is the __________ ________ of the hypothalamus.

Answer 47

arcuate nucleus

Question 48

49. Not only does the arcuate nucleus control _______________, it also controls the fuel supply for sustaining metabolism by controlling appetite.

Answer 48

metabolism

Question 49

50. The appetite center in the lateral nucleus of the hypothalamus and the satiety center in the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus are both controlled by neurons in the __________ nucleus of the hypothalamus.

Answer 49

arcuate

Question 50

51. The ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus is in contact with the lateral surface of the arcuate nucleus, and the lateral nucleus of the hypothalamus is just lateral to the ventromedial nucleus. Both the ventromedial and lateral nuclei of the hypothalamus are considered part of the ___________ region of the hypothalamus.

Answer 50

tuberal

Question 51

52. Projections of neurons in the arcuate nucleus stimulate appetite by releasing neuropeptide Y in the ______________ center in the ______________ nucleus of the hypothalamus.

Answer 51

appetite (or eating) | lateral

Question 52

53. Ghrelin from an empty stomach stimulates the release of ___________ __ from axons of the neurons in the arcuate nucleus.

Answer 52

neuropeptide Y

Question 53

54. Neuropeptide Y stimulates the ____________ ___¬¬______ of the hypothalamus.

Answer 53

lateral nucleus

Question 54

55. Projections of the __________ _________ of the ________________ to the prefrontal cortex create appetite.

Answer 54

lateral nucleus | hypothalamus

Question 55

56. The satiety center in the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus is also controlled by projections of neurons in the ____________ _________.

Answer 55

arcuate nucleus

Question 56

57. Axon endings of neurons in the arcuate nucleus stimulate the satiety center in the _____________ ________ by releasing -MSH.

Answer 56

ventromedial nucleus

Question 57

58. Leptin secreted by overstuffed fat cells stimulates the secretion of á-MSH by neurons in the __________ __________.

Answer 57

arcuate nucleus

Question 58

59. Stimulation of the satiety center by ________ causes the satiety center to inhibit the ____________ center in the __________ ________ of the _____________.

Answer 58

á-MSH appetite lateral nucleus hypothalamus

Question 59

60. Appetite is regulated by the balance between the release of ________ and the release of ________________ __ by projections of the __________ __________ to the ________- _________ and ___________ nuclei of the hypothalamus.

Answer 59

á-MSH neuropeptide Y arcuate nucleus ventro-medial lateral

Question 60

61. Lesions in the ventromedial nuclei of the hypothalamus cause ____________.

Answer 60

hyperphagia (grossly excessive appetite)

Question 61

62. Lesions in the lateral nuclei of the hypothalamus cause life-threatening _____________.

Answer 61

anorexia

Question 62

63. The posterior region of the hypothalamus is ____________ to the tuberal region.

Answer 62

posterior

Question 63

64. Because its lowest nuclei are in the mammillary bodies, the posterior region is usually called the _______________ region of the hypothalamus.

Answer 63

mamillary

Question 64

65. The mammillary region of the hypothalamus is ___________ to the tuberal region and includes the ______________ bodies and the posterior nucleus of the hypothalamus.

Answer 64

posterior | mammillary

Question 65

66. The mammillary bodies are a critical part of the emotional and episodic memory circuit known as the Papez circuit. They process and project _____________ and _____________ memory from the hippocampus to the anterior nuclei of the thalamus.

Answer 65

emotional | episodic

Question 66

67. The anterior nucleus of the thalamus receives input from the ipsilateral _____________ body via the mammillothalamic tract.

Answer 66

mammillary

Question 67

The anterior nucleus of the thalamus projects to the cingulate gyrus of the ______________

Answer 67

cerebral | cortex

Question 68

69. The cingulate gyrus completes the Papez circuit by projecting to the ____________ via the parahippocampal gyrus.

Answer 68

hippocampus

Question 69

70. The hippocampus restarts the __________ circuit by projecting to the ipsilateral _________________ _______ via the fornix

Answer 69

mamillary body

Question 70

71. Damage to the mammillary bodies produces a lack of ____________ or apathy because the __________¬__ circuit is interrupted.

Answer 70

emotion | Papez

Question 71

72. In Wernicke’s encephalopathy, the mammillary bodies have been damaged by a lack of _________.

Answer 71

thiamine (vitamine B1)

Question 72

73. The most posterior nucleus of the hypothalamus is appropriately named the ____________

Answer 72

posterior nucleus

Question 73

74. The mammillary bodies are the inferior part of the _____________ region, and the posterior nuclei are the _____________ part of the mammillary region.

Answer 73

mamillary | superior

Question 74

75. The posterior nuclei are ___________ to the mammillary bodies

Answer 74

superior

Question 75

76. The anterior and posterior hypothalamic nuclei are at __________ ends of the hypothalamus and have opposing roles. The anterior nucleus stimulates ________________ functions. The posterior nucleus stimulates ______________ functions.

Answer 75

opposite parasympathetic sympathetic

Question 76

78. Axons of neurons in the anterior nucleus of the hypothalamus synapse on ______________ _________________neurons in the ______________ and_________ levels of the__________

Answer 76

preganglionic parasympathetic brainstem sacral spinal cord

Question 77

79. Axons of neurons in the posterior nucleus of the hypothalamus synapse on _____________ ________________neurons in the __________ and _________ levels of the _______ _______.

Answer 77

preganglionic sympathetic thoracic lumbar spinal cord

Question 78

80. The anterior nucleus _________ the heart rate and ___________ peristalsis; the posterior nucleus ____________ the heart rate and _____________ peristalsis.

Answer 78

slows (or decreases) increases (or accelerates) increases (or speeds up) decreases (or inhibits or slows down)

Question 79

81. The preoptic region of the hypothalamus contains the _________ _______________ nucleus in which the interstitial nuclei of the hypothalamus are embedded.

Answer 79

medial preoptic

Question 80

82. INAH3 determines ___________ _______________.

Answer 80

sexual orientation

Question 81

83. The dorsal medial preoptic nucleus responds to ______________ released by axons ascending from the pons by directing _____________ processes.

Answer 81

dopamine | cooling

Question 82

84. The ventral medial preoptic nucleus secretes _________________ ____________ _________.

Answer 82

gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)

Question 83

85. The anterior nucleus and the _________________ and __________________ nuclei are dorsal to the suprachiasmatic nucleus in the supraoptic region of the hypothalamus.

Answer 83

suprachiasmatic | paraventricular

Question 84

86. The supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei secrete _____________________ __________ and _____________.

Answer 84

antidiuretic hormone | oxytocin

Question 85

87. The ____________ nucleus surrounds the hypothalamic recess of the third ventricle in the tuberal region.

Answer 85

arcuate

Question 86

88. The arcuate nucleus secretes _________________ ____________ ___________, and ___________________ _____________ ____________ into the hypophyseal portal veins.

Answer 86

thyrotropin releasing hormone somatotropin releasing hormone

Question 87

89. The arcuate nucleus stimulates appetite by releasing ___________________ ____ in the ____________ nucleus of the hypothalamus.

Answer 87

neuropeptide Y | lateral

Question 88

90. The arcuate nucleus reduces appetite by releasing ___________ in the _________________ nucleus.

Answer 88

á-MSH | medial

Question 89

91. As part of the ____________ circuit, a mammillary body receives projections from the _________________ via the ____________ and projects to the ______________ nucleus of the ___.

Answer 89

Papez hippocampus fornix anterior thalamus

Question 90

92. The mammillary bodies processes ___________ and ____________ ____________.

Answer 90

emotions | episodic memory

Question 91

93. The posterior nucleus of the hypothalamus which controls the __________________ ____________ ___________is just ___________ to a mammillary body.

Answer 91

sympathetic | nervous system dorsal (or superior)