Chapter 36 Limbic

Question 1

1. Much of the brain is involved in receiving and interpreting information. Slightly more of the brain is involved in producing motor behavior. A significant part of the brain does neither. The limbic system is the parts of the brain concerned with thoughts, memories, emotions, and internal homeostasis. The limbic system is neither a __________ system nor a ________ system.

Answer 1

sensory

motor

Question 2

2. Internal homeostasis is regulated by the _______________ which makes one’s autonomic nervous activity match one’s ______________ state.

Answer 2

hypothalamus

emotional

Question 3

3. The mammillary bodies of the ________________ receive information about one’s surroundings from the hippocampal formation via the postcommissural branch of the _________.

Answer 3

hypothalamus

fornix

Question 4

4. The precommissural branch of the fornix goes to the septal nuclei which project to the hypothalamus via the medial forebrain bundle. Thus the ________ nuclei and the _________ _______________ bundle are an indirect path from the ______________ formation to the ________________.

Answer 4

septal
medial forebrain
hippocampal
hypothalamus

Question 5

5. The rostral extension of the medial forebrain bundle establishes two-way communication between the prefrontal cortex and the septal nuclei while the more posterior part of the medial forebrain bundle connects the ___________nuclei with the __________________ .

Answer 5

septal

hypothalamus

Question 6

6. Thus the medial forebrain bundle establishes reciprocal connections among the _____________ cortex, the _________ nuclei, and the _________________________.

Answer 6

prefrontal
septal
hypothalamus

Question 7

7. The septal nuclei send information to the hypothalamus in the posterior projection of the _________ _______________ ___________ and to the prefrontal cortex in the rostral projection of the __________ ________________ ____________.

Answer 7

medial forebrain bundle

medial forebrain bundle

Question 8

8. Our thoughts and our most lasting feelings are mostly in the ___ ________, Brodmann’s areas ___, ____, and ___.

Answer 8

prefrontal cortex

9, 10, 11

Question 9

9. The feelings in the ______________ _________ influence and are influenced by emotions in the __________ nuclei and the ________________ via the ___________ ________________ _________.

Answer 9

prefrontal cortex
septal
hypothalamus
medial forebrain bundle

Question 10

10. The ventral midbrain reticular formation influences and is influenced by ___________ in the prefrontal cortex and ______________ in the septal nuclei and _________________ via the caudal extension of the medial forebrain bundle.

Answer 10

feelings
emotions
hypothalamus

Question 11

11. Thus the prefrontal cortex, septal nuclei, hypothalamus, and ventral midbrain reticular formation are interconnected by the _________ ___________________ _____________.

Answer 11

medial forebrain bundle

Question 12

12. The ventral midbrain reticular formation also receives input from the habenulae via the habenulointerpeduncular tract. Since the septal nuclei project to the habenulae via the stria medullaris, the pathway through the ___________ is an indirect projection of the _______ nuclei to the __________ ___________________ _____________.

Answer 12

habenulae
septal
midbrain reticular formation

Question 13

13. Since the ventral midbrain reticular formation projects to the septal nuclei via the caudal extension of the __________ ______________ ___________, there is a complete circuit through the septal nuclei, the ______________, and the _____________ _______________ ______________ back to the septal nuclei which link this circuit to the ____________ cortex.

Answer 13

medial forebrain bundle
habenula
medial forebrain bundle
prefrontal

Question 14

14. The postcommissural branch of the fornix is part of the Papez circuit from the ____________ ________________to the ________________ bodies of the __________________ and from the ________________ bodies to the anterior nucleus of the thalamus.

Answer 14

hippocampal formation
mammillary
hypothalamus
mammillary

Question 15

15. The anterior nucleus of the _____________ projects to the cingulate gyrus which completes the ________ circuit by projecting to the _________________ via the cingulum and parahippocampal gyrus.

Answer 15

thalamus
Papez
hippocampal formation

Question 16

16. Like most other parts of the limbic system, the Papez circuit is concerned with ___________.

Answer 16

emotion

Question 17

17. Since the Papez circuit is also concerned with the encoding of long-term memory of events, it places episodic memory in an _______________ context.

Answer 17

emotional

Question 18

18. Bilateral destruction of the fornices or hippocampal formations causes total ______ _____, the inability to form new memories of events.

Answer 18

anterograde amnesia

Question 19

19. Episodic memory is the ___________ of an _________.

Answer 19

memory

event

Question 20

20. The hippocampal formation is indispensible in the formation of new __________________ memories.

Answer 20

episodic

Question 21

21. Since procedural memory depends on the inferior olivary nucleus, cerebellum, and ventrolateral nucleus of the thalamus, ________________ memory does not depend on the ________________ ______________.

Answer 21

procedural
hippocampal formation (or limbic system)

Question 22

22. The hippocampal formation projects to the mammillary bodies via the _________________ branch of the ________, and the mammillary bodies project to the _________________ ____________ of the ______________ via the mammillothalamic tract.

Answer 22

postcommissural
fornix
anterior nucleus
thalamus

Question 23

23. The hippocampal formation generates a signal for the conversion of an experience to an
    _______________ memory.

Answer 23

episodic

Question 24

24. The signal for converting an experience to an ____________ __________ goes from the hippocampal formation to the _______________ ____________ via the postcommissural fornix.

Answer 24

episodic memory

mamillary body

Question 25

25. The memorization signal must be regenerated in the mammillary body and projected to the ______________ __________ of the _______________.

Answer 25

anterior nucleus | thalamus

Question 26

26. The anterior nucleus of the thalamus projects to the _______________ _______ via the anterior limb of the internal capsule which is called the anterior thalamic peduncle.

Answer 26

cingulate gyrus

Question 27

27. The anterior nucleus of the thalamus must also regenerate the memorization signal and project it to the cingulate gyrus via the ____________ _________ of the ______________ __________.

Answer 27

anterior limb | internal capsule

Question 28

28. The cingulate gyrus projects to the _____________________ _________________ and to the rest of the cerebral cortex.

Answer 28

hippocampal formation

Question 29

29. Neurons in the __________________ ___________ project the memorization signal to the cortical neurons that originally responded to the event.

Answer 29

cingulate gyrus

Question 30

30. The cortical neurons that originally responded to the event respond to the memorization signal from the _____________ ___________ by strengthening the synapses in the pathway traced by the event.

Answer 30

cingulate gyrus

Question 31

31. Although the memorization signal originates from the __________________ _____________ and is relayed through the ________________ __________ and the __________________ ___________ of the __________ and the _________________ gyrus, the storage of an episodic memory takes place in the cortical area that experienced the event.

Answer 31

``` hippocampal formation mammillary body anterior nucleus thalamus cingulate ```

Question 32

32. An episodic memory is stored by strengthening the ______________ among the cortical neurons that were depolarized by the event..

Answer 32

synapses

Question 33

33. The pathway from the septal nuclei to the amygdala via the ventral amygdalofugal pathway and back to the _________ nuclei via the stria terminalis is the third great circuit of the limbic ____________.

Answer 33

septal | system

Question 34

34. The ventral amygdalofugal pathway is bidirectional, carrying messages from the amygdala to the septal nuclei and from the _________ __________ to the ______________.

Answer 34

septal nucleus | amygdala

Question 35

35. There are two paths between the amygdala and the septal nuclei, a bidirectional path through the ___________ _____________________ ________________ and a unidirectional path through the stria terminalis.

Answer 35

ventral amygdalofugal pathway

Question 36

36. The stria terminalis is a small tract that shares the lateral wall of the lateral ventricle with the ______________ ___________.

Answer 36

caudate nucleus

Question 37

37. The stria terminalis follows the curve of the ____________ _____________.

Answer 37

caudate nucleus | or lateral ventricle

Question 38

38. The stria terminalis is inferior to the head and body of the ___________ ___________ and medial to the tail of the caudate nucleus.

Answer 38

caudate nucleus

Question 39

39. Neurons embedded in the stria terminalis are called the ___ ___ of the stria terminalis

Answer 39

bed nucleus

Question 40

40. The stria terminalis carries messages from the ______________ to the neurons in the bed nucleus of the ________ _________________ and from the _____ ____________ of the stria terminalis to the _______ nuclei.

Answer 40

amygdala stria terminalis bed nucleus septal

Question 41

41. The amygdala reacts to input from the ________ ____________, olfactory bulb, and ventromedial and ventrolateral nuclei of the hypothalamus.

Answer 41

septal nuclei

Question 42

42. The integration of information about appetite from the ______________ and _____________ nuclei of the ______________ with ________________ cues from the olfactory bulb helps the amygdala decide whether or not something is ___________.

Answer 42

ventromedial ventrolateral (either order) hypothalamus olfactory edible

Question 43

43. The amygdala is just above and a little beyond the anterior tip of the hippocampal formation. This proximity permits strong reciprocal connections between the _______________and the ________________ _______________.

Answer 43

amygdala | hippocampal formation

Question 44

44. The connection with the hippocampal formation allows the amygdala to incorporate __________ __________ of the taste of past meals and past events of food poisoning into the decision of whether or not something is ___________.

Answer 44

episodic memories | edible

Question 45

45. The amygdala’s decision reaches the orbital cortex via the ventral amygdalofugal pathway, __________ ____________, and ________ _______________ ____________. The final decision about whether or not to eat is influenced by the level of trust the _________ ________ has in the source of the potential food.

Answer 45

septal nuclei medial forebrain bundle prefrontal cortex (or orbital cortex)

Question 46

46. The amygdala also receives __________ __________ of past non-food joys and terrors from the _______________ ________________.

Answer 46

episodic memories | cerebral cortex

Question 47

47. Olfactory cues from the ________________ ________ and visual cues from area 20 in the _____________ ____________ gyrus influence the amygdala’s choice of a mate which is projected to the 3rd _____________ nucleus of the ______________ hypothalamus and the prefrontal cortex.

Answer 47

olfactory cortex inferior temporal interstitial nucleus anterior

Question 48

48. The amygdala’s mating preference may be vetoed by either the _______________ cortex or the ____ ______________ _______________ __________ of the _______________.

Answer 48

prefrontal third anterior interstitial nucleus hypothalamus

Question 49

49. The amygdala also remembers things that hurt, threatened, or embarrassed one. The amygdala projects anxiety to the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis via the __________ ______________________.

Answer 49

stria | terminalis

Question 50

50. Both the parts of the amygdala responding to the threat and the conditioning of the ____ ___________ of the ______ ________________ determine whether the reaction to anxiety is fear or rage.

Answer 50

bed nucleus | stria terminalis

Question 51

51. The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis completes the projection to the ________ _________ via the _______ ____________.

Answer 51

septal nucleus | stria terminalis

Question 52

52. Projections of the septal nucleus to the prefrontal cortex and hypothalamus via the ________ _____________ __________ produce a fight-or-flight decision in the preforntal cortex and a matching visceral reaction mediated by the ________________.

Answer 52

medial forebrain bundle | hypothalamus

Question 53

53. In summary: the central axis of the limbic system is the ______ _____________ ________ which connects the _______________ _________, _________ ________, _____________________, and the _______ ______________ formation of the _____________.

Answer 53

``` medial forebrain bundle prefrontal cortex, septal nuclei (in either order) hypothalamus ventral reticular midbrain ```

Question 54

54. Some of the connnections of the ventral reticular formation of the midbrain and septal nuclei via the medial forebrain bundle are made into an evalution circuit by the stria medullaris, _______________ and ______________________ _________.

Answer 54

habenula | habenulointerpeduncular tract

Question 55

55. As its name implies, the habenulointerpeduncular tract goes from the __________________ to the ___________________ nucleus in the ventral midbrain reticular formation.

Answer 55

habenula | interpeduncular

Question 56

56. The interpeduncular nucleus lies in the midline of the _____________, just posterior to the _____________________ fossa.

Answer 56

midbrain | Interpeduncular

Question 57

57. The interpeduncular nucleus is in the ventral ______________ formation of the __________.

Answer 57

reticular | midbrain

Question 58

58. The interpeduncular nucleus receives a stimulatory or inhibitory message from the _____________.

Answer 58

habenula

Question 59

59. The interpeduncular nucleus responds to stimulatory messages from the ______________ by sending a rewarding stimulus to the nucleus accumbens at the inferior end of the anterior horn of the lateral ventricle.

Answer 59

habenula

Question 60

60. The nucleus accumbens, leaning against the septal nuclei at the inferior end of the anterior horn of the __________ _____________ is the reward center of the brain.

Answer 60

lateral ventricle

Question 61

pic

Answer 61

pic

Question 62

62. The ___________ ___________ receives rewarding input from the ________________ ___________ via the medial forebrain bundle which also connects the interpeduncular nucleus with the septal nuclei.

Answer 62

nucleus accumbens | interpeduncular nucleus

Question 63

63. The _________ nuclei are the central connection in the circuit through the stria medullaris, the habenula, the habenulointerpeduncular tract, interpeduncular nucleus, and the __________ _____________ ___________.

Answer 63

septal | medial forebrain bundle

Question 64

64. Episodic memories are selected and reinforced for storage by a circuit through the entorhinal cortices, ____________________ _______________, mammillary bodies, ____________ _______ of the __________, and ______________ gyrus.

Answer 64

hippocampal formation anterior nucleus | thalamus cingulate

Question 65

65. Fear and aggression are mediated by a circuit involving the __________ _______, ______________, and ______ ___________ ___ ___ _______ ______________.

Answer 65

septal nuclei amygdala bed nucleus of the stria terminalis

Question 66

66. Reward and disappointment are mediated by a pathway from the septal nuclei through the _________ _____________ to the ____________, from the _____________ to the _________________ nucleus, and from the _______________ nucleus to the __________ _____________.

Answer 66

stria medullaris habenula habenula interpeduncular interpeduncular septal nuclei