1
Q
Tissues
A
Collections of specialized cells and cell products organized to perform a limited number of functions
2
Q
Histology
A
Study of cells
3
Q
Four Tissue Types
A
- Epithelial
2 Connective - Muscular
- Nervous
4
Q
Location of Epithelial Tissues
A
Found in areas of: body coverings, body lining; lines all free surfaces, and glandular tissue
5
Q
Epithelium Characteristics
A
- Cells fit closely together; little intracellular space
- Cells show polarity;
Apical surface: free surface (always)
Basal surface: attached to surface - The lower surface is bound by a basement membrane called basal lamina acellular, non-living
- Avascular (no blood supply)
- Regenerates easily
6
Q
Functions of epithelium
A
- Physical protection
- Controls permeability
- Provide Sensation
- Produces specialized secretions
7
Q
Specilization of epethilium
A
- Movement of materials across the surface (Cilia)
- Movement of fluids through the epithelium; absorption (Microvilli)
- Production of secretions (Mucous)
8
Q
Epithelial Integrity
A
Cells attach via Cell Adhesion Molecules (CAMs)
Cell Junctions
9
Q
Tight Junction
A
Prevent substances from passing between cells (Apical Region)
10
Q
Desmosomes
A
- Like button snaps
- Strong - holds cells together
- Resists stretching
11
Q
Gap Junctions
A
- Cylinder with pore
- Communication Junctions
- Allows substances to move from cell to cell
12
Q
Simple epithelia
A
One cell layer over basement membrane
13
Q
Stratified epithelia
A
Many cell layers between apical surface and basement
14
Q
Squamous apical cells
A
Flat cells
15
Q
Cuboidal apical cells
A
Cube shaped cells
16
Q
Columnar apical cells
A
tall, thin cells
17
Q
Representative epithelial cells
A
- Simple squamous
- Simple cuboidal
- Simple columnar
- Pseudostratified columnar
- Stratified squamous
- Transitional
18
Q
Characteristics of simple squamous epithelia
A
- Single layer squamous cells
- Covers organs, lines cavities (serous membranes)
- Diffusion, filtration, reduces friction by secreting lubricating fluids
- Lines blood vessels, found in kidneys, lungs and serous membranes
19
Q
Characteristics of simple cuboidal epithelia
A
- Single layer of cube shaped cells
- Secretion and absorption
- Found in glands, ducts and kidney tubules
20
Q
Characteristics of simple columnar epithelia
A
- Single layer of columnar cells
- Secretion of digestive enzymes, absorption of nutrients
- Lining of GI tract (stomach large intestine)
21
Q
Characteristics of pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelia
A
- Single layer, but some cells are shorter than others
- Often looks like a double cell layer
- Secretion ; (Production of mucus) and may have cilia
- Lining of respiratory tract
22
Q
Characteristics of stratified squamous
A
- Many layer of epithelial cells; cells at the free edge are flattened (squamous)
- Protection, withstands abrasion
- Skin, lining of oral cavity, throat and esophagus
23
Q
Characteristics of transitional epithelium
A
- Specialized to change in response to increased tension
- Shape of cells depends upon the amount of stretching, may be cuboidal (relaxed) or squamous(distended)
- Allows organ distension
- Urinary bladder, ureters
24
Q
Characteristics of Connective Tissue
A
- Cells spread out, much extracellular space
- Different types of cells
25
Matrix
1. Not living
2. Ground substance
3. May contain fibers, calcium deposits etc.
26
Two types of connective tissue
1. Connective tissue proper - cell diversity, fiber diversity
2. Specialized (supporting) - Matrix has more densely packed fibers, little cell diversity (Bone & Cartilage)
27
Functions of Connective Tissue
1. Establishing a structural framework
2. Transporting fluids and dissolved materials
3. Protecting delicate organs
4. Supporting, surrounding and interconnecting tissues
5. Storing energy reserves
6. Defending the body from microoorganisms
28
Fibroblasts (Connective Tissue Proper)
Always present in connective tissue proper; produce matrix
29
Fibrocytes (Connective Tissue Proper)
mature; maintain matrix
30
Macrophages (Connective Tissue Proper)
Phagocytic white blood cells
31
Adipocytes (Connective Tissue Proper)
Fat cells
32
Mesenchymal cells (Connective Tissue Proper)
Stem cells
33
Melanocytes (Connective Tissue Proper)
produce pigments
34
Mast cells (Connective Tissue Proper)
Histamine and heparin; produce inflammation
35
Collagen fiber (Connective Tissue Proper)
Most common; very sturdy, resist pulling forces; won't tear; straight
36
Reticular fibers (Connective Tissue Proper)
Smaller and branching; from a network of interwoven fibers; resist forces in all directions
37
Ground substance (Connective Tissue Proper)
Clear, colorless, viscous; fills space between cells and fibers
37
Elastic fibers (Connective Tissue Proper)
Stretch and recoil; wavy
38
Loose connective tissue
1. Embryonic mesenchyme, mucous connective tissues
2. Areolar tissue
3. Adipose tissue
4. Reticular tissue
39
Areolar tissue
1. Most common; contains all cells and fibers
2. Binds skin to muscle below
3. Holds organs and tisues together
4. Protection
5. The one that looks like a spider web
39
Dense connective tissue
1. Dense regular CT
2. Dense irregular CT
40
Adipose tissue
1. Adipocytes; large lipid droplets occupt most of the cell
2. Vascular
3. Under layers of skin, around organs
4. Stores lipids (energy)
5. The one that looks like fat blobs
41
Dense regular connective tissue
1. Collagen fibers arrange in one direction with fibroblasts
2. Withstands tension
3. Little blood flow
4. Found in tendons and ligaments
42
Prefix (tissue cells are found in)
1. Chondro - cartilage
2. Osteo - bone
43
Suffix (types of cells)
1. Blast - matrix forming cells
2. Cyte - maintains matrix
3. Clast - breaks down matrix
44
Cartilage (Supporting connective tissue)
1. Provides shock absorption and protection
2. matrix is a firm gel
3. Avascular
45
Hyaline cartilage
1. Avascular
2. Between articulating bones
3. Provides flexible support and reduces friction
4. Multiple chondrocytes in a lacunae
46
Elastic Cartliage
1. Elastic support
2. looks like veins
47
Fibrocartilage
1. Strongest cartilage
2. Resist compressive shock
3. Only ONE chondrocytes within lacunae
48
Bone
1. Vascular
2. Support, protect
49
Muscle tissue
Specialized to contract
1. Skeletal
2. Smooth
3. Cardiac
50
Nerve tissue
Specialized to send electrical impulses
Brain, spinal cord, nerves
51
Membranes
Continuous multicellular sheets composed of two tissue types
1. Epithelial and connective
2. From a barrier; line, cover and protect surfaces; lubricate surfaces
52
Four types of membranes
1. Mucous
2. Serous
3. Cutaneous
4. Synovial
53
Mucous membranes
1. Line cavities that open to the exterior
2. Absorption, secretion, protection
3. May produce mucous
4. Diogestive and respiratory systems
54
Serous membranes
1. Lines cavities that don't open to the exterior
2. Produce serous fluid
3. Parietal (lines cavity) Visceral (Covers organs)
Anatomy & Physiology
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