Psychological Disorders > chapter 4 > Flashcards

chapter 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the purpose of clinical assessment?

A

A collection of relevant information to reach a conclusion as to why a person is behaving in a dysfunctional matter

It helps determine whether, how, and why a person is behaving dysfunctionally.

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2
Q

What are the three categories of clinical assessment tools?

A

Clinical interview
Clinical tests
Clinical observations

These tools help gather information about a client’s psychological state.

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3
Q

What are the characteristics of assessment tools?

A

Useful assessment tools must be standardized and have clear reliability and validity

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4
Q

What does standardization in assessment tools involve?

A

Setting up common steps to be followed whenever it is administered (administration, scoring, interpretation)

This includes administration, scoring, and interpretation.

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5
Q

Define reliability in the context of assessment tools.

A

Consistency of an assessment measure (same results in same situation)

A good tool yields the same results in the same situation.

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6
Q

What are the two main types of reliability?

A

Test retest reliability
Interrater (interjudge) reliability

These types ensure that assessments produce consistent results.

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7
Q

What is validity in assessment tools?

A

The accuracy of a tool’s results, must measure what it’s supposed to measure

An assessment tool must accurately measure what it is supposed to measure.

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8
Q

List the three specific types of validity.

A

Face Validity
Predictive Validity
Concurrent validity

Each type assesses different aspects of an assessment tool’s accuracy.

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9
Q

What is the purpose of a clinical interview?

A

Collect detailed information about the person’s difficulties and feelings, lifestyle and relationships and other personal history (mental status exam)

It often serves as the first contact between client and clinician.

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10
Q

What’s an unstructured interview?

A

Primarily open ended questions

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11
Q

What’s a structured interview?

A

Primarily specific questions

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12
Q

What are the limitations of clinical interviews?

A
  • Lack of validity or accuracy
  • Interview bias or mistakes in judgment
  • Lack of reliability

Some researchers believe interviewing should be discarded as a tool of clinical assessment.

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13
Q

What are clinical tests?

A

Test that is used to gather information about psychological functioning, from which broader information is concluded

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14
Q

What are the most often used clinical tests?

A
  • Projective tests
  • Personality inventories
  • Response inventories
  • Psychopathology tests
  • Neuroimaging and neuropsychological tests
  • Intelligence tests
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15
Q

What are projective tests?

A
  • Tests requiring client interpretation of vague or ambiguous stimuli or open-ended instruction
  • Psychodynamic orientation

They are often used in psychodynamic assessments.

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16
Q

What is the projective Rorschach test?

A
  • Clients presented inkblot cards and asked what they saw
  • Attention to themes and images noted, and style of response

Special attention is paid to themes and images noted and style of responses.

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17
Q

What is the projective Thematic Appreciation Test (TAT) of the Pictorial projective test?

A
  • Clients were shown 30 cards with black-and-white pictures and asked to make up dramatic stories
  • Stories reflect clients own circumstances, needs and emotions

Stories reflect the client’s own circumstances, needs, and emotions.

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18
Q

What is the projective sentence-completion test?

A
  • Client completes a series of unfinished sentences
  • Good starting point for discussion and topic exploration
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19
Q

What is a projective drawing test?

A
  • Client evaluated based on drawing details
  • Commonly used to assess the psychological functioning of children
  • Draw-a-person (DAP)
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20
Q

What are the strengths of projective tests?

A
  • Commonly used for personality assessment
  • Used to gain supplementary information

They were widely used until the 1950s.

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21
Q

What are the limitations of projective tests?

A
  • Reliability and validity are not consistently shown
  • May be biased against minoritized racial and ethnic groups

These issues limit their effectiveness in assessments.

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22
Q

What are personality inventories?

A
  • Measures broad personality characteristics
  • Clients respond to questions focusing on behaviour, beliefs and feelings
  • Based on self-reported responses
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23
Q

What is the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)?

A
  • Most widely used personality inventory
  • MMPI for adults
  • MMPI-A for adolescents
  • Scores from 0-120 (70 = deviant)

It includes versions for adults (MMPI, MMPI-2, MMPI-3) and adolescents (MMPI-A).

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24
Q

What are the scales of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory?

A
  • Self-doubt
  • Worry
  • Anger proneness
  • Aggression
  • Activation
  • Psychoticism
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25
What are the advantages of personality inventories?
- Easier, cheaper, and faster to administer than projective tests - Objectively scored and standardized - Greater test-retest reliability - Greater validity than projective tests ## Footnote They appear to have greater validity than projective tests.
26
What are the limitations of personality inventories?
- Cannot be considered highly valid - Measured traits often cannot be directly examined - Tests do not allow for cultural differences in response ## Footnote These limitations affect their overall effectiveness.
27
What do response inventories focus on?
- Based on self-reporting responses - Focus on one specific area of functioning ## Footnote They are usually based on self-reporting responses.
28
What are three types of response inventories?
- Affective Inventories - Social skills inventories - Cognitive inventories
29
What are the limitations of response inventories?
- Strong face validity - Few have been subjected to careful standardization, reliability, and validity procedures
30
What are psychophysiological tests?
- Measure physiological response as an indication of psychological problems - includes heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature, galvanic skin response and muscle contraction - polygraph (lie detector) ## Footnote Examples include heart rate, blood pressure, and polygraph tests.
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What are the limitations of psychophysiological tests?
- Require expensive equipment - Measurements can be inaccurate and unreliable - Physiological responses may change when measured repeatedly in one session ## Footnote These factors limit their practical application.
32
What is the truth about psychophysiological tests?
- Polygraphs are less trusted and popular, fewer used in courts - Alternatives are Computer detection of eye, stress-produced voice changes, facial expressions and fMRI brain scanning
33
What is neuroimaging?
Assess brain function by directly assessing brain structure and activity ## Footnote Examples include EEG, PET scans, CT/CAT scans, MRI, and fMRI.
34
Examples of neuroimaging
- EEG - PET scans - CT/CAT scans - MRI - fMRI
35
What do neuropsychological tests measure?
Cognitive, perceptual, and motor performance on certain tasks ## Footnote Clinicians interpret atypical performances as indicators of underlying brain irregularities.
36
What are neuropsychological tests used for?
- interpret significantly atypical performances as an indicator of underlying brain irregularities
37
What's an intelligence test?
- Indirectly measure intellectual ability - Series of tests assessing verbal and nonverbal skills - Ratio of a person's mental age to chronological age
38
What are the strengths of Intelligence tests?
- most carefully produced of all tests - highly standardized on large groups of people - high reliability and validity
39
What are the limitations of intelligence tests?
- Performance can be influenced by non-intelligence factors - tasks may contain cultural biases in language or tasks - Members of marginalized groups may have less experience and be less comfortable with these types of tests
40
What is the DSM-5?
Lists of categories, disorders, and symptom descriptions with guidelines for assignment ## Footnote It was published in 2013.
41
What is the DSM-5-TR?
- Amended version of DSM-5 with updated background text information - Added the prolonged grief disorder - Provided deeper discussions regarding the impact of racism and other discrimination on mental disorders ## Footnote It includes a new mental disorder, prolonged grief disorder.
42
What does the DSM-5-TR require clinicians to provide?
- Categorical information - Dimensional information ## Footnote Both are important parts of a proper diagnosis.
43
What is categorical information?
The name of the disorder indicated by the clients symptoms
44
What is dimensional information?
Rating of how severe a client's symptoms are and how dysfunctional the client is across various dimensions of personality.
45
What are some frequently diagnosed disorders in DSM-5-TR?
- Anxiety disorders - Depressive disorders ## Footnote Examples include generalized anxiety disorder and major depressive disorder.
46
What are the most common anxiety disorders?
GAD, phobias, social anxiety, panic disorder and separation anxiety disorder
47
What are the most common depressive disorders?
Major depressive disorder, persistent depressive disorder, premenstrual dysphoric disorder
48
What is the dimensional information in DSM-5-TR?
- Assessment of current client disorder severity - Rating scales suggested for each disorder - Seeks categorical and dimensional information for diagnosis
49
Can diagnosis and labelling cause harm?
- misdiagnosis and reliance on clinical judgment are concerns - classifying me be stigma and leading to a self-fulfilling prophecy - Prejudiced labels arouse may be damaging to a person diagnosed
50
What are the treatment decisions for diagnosis and labelling based on?
- Assessment information and diagnostic decisions to determine a treatment plan - uses idiographic and nomothetic information ## Footnote This helps determine a treatment plan.
51
What is the effectiveness of therapy?
People in therapy are usually better off than those receiving no treatment ## Footnote Various therapies do not appear to differ dramatically in their general effectiveness.
52
What is **generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)**?
Disorder marked by persistent and excessive feelings of anxiety and worry ## Footnote It affects about 3 percent of the U.S. population.
53
What is the **sociocultural perspective** on GAD?
GAD is likely to develop in people faced with dangerous ongoing social conditions ## Footnote Supported by research findings related to societal stress.
54
What does the **psychodynamic perspective** suggest about GAD?
GAD can be traced to early parent-child relationships ## Footnote It emphasizes the role of anxiety and defense mechanisms.
55
What does the **humanistic perspective** state about GAD?
GAD arises when people stop looking at themselves honestly and acceptingly ## Footnote Lack of unconditional positive regard in childhood can lead to conditions of worth.
56
What is the **cognitive-behavioral perspective** on GAD?
Problematic behavior often causes psychological disorders ## Footnote It focuses on the cognitive dimension of GAD.
57
What are the **two kinds of cognitive-behavioral approaches** used for GAD?
* Changing maladaptive assumptions * Breaking down worrying ## Footnote Mindfulness-based cognitive-behavioral therapy is also used.
58
What percentage of **college students** worry for less than 10 minutes at a time?
62 percent ## Footnote In contrast, 20 percent worry for more than an hour.
59
Name the two kinds of **cognitive-behavioral approaches** used in cases of GAD.
* Changing maladaptive assumptions * Breaking down worrying ## Footnote Includes Ellis's Rational-emotive therapy (RET), mindfulness-based cognitive-behavioral therapy, and acceptance and commitment therapy.
60
The **biological perspective** on GAD suggests it is caused chiefly by what?
Biological factors ## Footnote Supported by family pedigree studies and brain researchers.
61
What neurotransmitter is associated with **benzodiazepine receptors**?
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) ## Footnote Low GABA could contribute to excessive brain circuit communication and GAD development.
62
What is the role of **gabapentinoids** in anxiety treatment?
Increase GABA levels throughout the brain ## Footnote They have a significant anxiety-reducing effect.
63
What are the two categories of **phobias**?
* Specific phobias * Agoraphobia ## Footnote Specific phobias have a yearly symptom prevalence of 9 percent in the U.S.
64
True or false: **Agoraphobia** symptoms exist in around 1 percent of the U.S. population.
TRUE ## Footnote 1.3 percent of people experience symptoms during their lifetime.
65
What is the **checklist** for diagnosing specific phobias?
* Marked, persistent fear of a particular object or situation * Exposure produces immediate fear * Avoidance of the feared situation * Significant distress or impairment ## Footnote Symptoms usually last at least 6 months.
66
What is the **cognitive-behavioral theory** regarding the cause of phobias?
Fears are learned through conditioning ## Footnote Once fears are acquired, individuals avoid the feared object or situation.
67
What is the **biological perspective** on panic disorder?
Hyperactive panic circuit ## Footnote Includes structures like the amygdala and hippocampus.
68
What percentage of the U.S. population experiences **panic disorder** yearly?
3 percent ## Footnote More than one-third experience symptoms during their lifetime.
69
What are the **features** of obsessions in OCD?
* Persistent thoughts * Feel intrusive and foreign * Attempts to ignore trigger anxiety ## Footnote Basic themes include dirt/contamination, violence, and orderliness.
70
What is the **biological treatment** for OCD?
Serotonin-enhancing antidepressants ## Footnote Improvement in 50 to 60 percent of those with OCD.
71
Name the four patterns of **obsessive-compulsive-related disorders** included in DSM-5-TR.
* Hoarding disorder * Trichotillomania * Excoriation * Body dysmorphic disorder ## Footnote These disorders share features with OCD.
72
What is the **cognitive-behavioral perspective** on panic attacks?
Bodily sensations are misinterpreted as signs of medical catastrophe ## Footnote Controlled by avoidance and safety behaviors.
73
What is the **checklist** for diagnosing panic disorder?
* Unforeseen panic attacks occur repeatedly * At least a month of concern about additional attacks * Dysfunctional behavior changes associated with the attacks ## Footnote Symptoms must persist for at least a month.
74
Psychological Disorders
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