1
Q
What is fear?
A
The central nervous system’s physiological and emotional response to a serious threat to one’s well-being
2
Q
What is anxiety?
A
Central nervous system’s physiological and emotional response to a vague sense of threat or danger
3
Q
What is generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)?
A
disorder marked by constant and heavy feelings of anxiety and worry about many events and activities
4
Q
What is the sociocultural perspective of GAD?
A
-most likely to develop in people faced with dangerous, ongoing social conditions or highly threatened environments (poverty)
5
Q
What is separation anxiety disorder?
A
- Individuals feel extreme anxiety/panic when separated from key people in their lives
- the most common disorder in young children
- in 2% of adults and 4% of children
6
Q
What is the psychodynamic perspective in GAD?
A
- can be traced to early parent-child relationships
- Children use ego mechanisms to control
- free associations
- Short-term therapy is more effective than longer treatments
7
Q
What is the Humanistic perspective of GAD?
A
- GAD arises when people stop looking at themselves honestly and acceptingly
- Lack of unconditional positive regard in childhood leads to conditions of worth
- Threatening self-judgments break through and cause anxiety
8
Q
What is client-centred therapy?
A
show unconditional positive regard for clients and empathize with them
9
Q
What is cognitive-behavioural perspective in GAD?
A
- problematic behaviour and often causes psychological disorders
- concentrate largely on the cognitive dimension of GAD
10
Q
What are the early assumptions on cognitive-behaviour in GAD?
A
- maladaptive assumptions (dangerousness)
- people are guided by basic irrational assumptions, and dysfunctional thinking reacts in inappropriate ways
11
Q
What are the new explanations of cognitive-behavioural in GAD?
A
- people hold positive and negative beliefs about worrying (metacognitive theory
- meta-worrying may be a powerful predictor of developing GAD
12
Q
What is the intolerance of uncertainty theory?
A
- people cant handle the knowledge that negative events may occur (even if small)
- intolerance and worrying leave them higly vulnerable to GAD
13
Q
What is the avoidance theory?
A
- people have greater bodily arousal than other people
- worrying reduces this arousal, distracts from unpleasant physical feelings
14
Q
What are some cognitive-behavioural therapies?
A
- changing maladaptive assumptions = Ellis’s rational-emotive therapy (RET)
- breaking down worrying = mindfulness-based cognitive-behavioral therapy + acceptance and commitment therapy
- mindfulness meditation
15
Q
What is the biological perspective on GAD?
A
- relatives of people with GAD have higher rate that general population
16
Q
What is the biological explanation of the biological perspective?
A
- Fear circuit hyperactivity can lead to GAD
- Benzodiazepines provide anxiety relief
- low GABA helps produce excessive brain circuit communication
17
Q
What are Gabapentinoids?
A
- have a anxiety-reducing effect, increase GABA levels throughout brain
18
Q
What are brain circuits?
A
- networks of brain structures that work together, trigger emotional chain of events into action
19
Q
What are biological drug therapies?
A
- barbiturates
- benzodiazepines
- antidepressants that increase serotonin and norepinephrine neurotransmitter activity
- antipsychotics
20
Q
What are phobias?
A
- more intense fear of an object, activity or situation
- greater desire to avoid fear
- creates distress that interferes with functioning
21
Q
What are the 2 categories of phobias?
A
- specific phobias
- agoraphobia
22
Q
What causes phobias?
A
- first fear of certain objects learned through conditioning
- fears become ingrained once fears are acquired
23
Q
How are fears learned?
A
- classical conditioning
- modeling
24
Q
What’s the explanation behind behaviour-evolutionary phobias?
A
- specifies-specific biological predisposition to develop certain fears (preparedness)
- explains why some phobias are more common than others
25
What are treatments for specific phobias?
- actual contact with the fear (exposure treatment)
- systematic desensitization
- relaxation training
- fear hierarchy
- in vivo desensitization
- overt desensitization
- virtual reality
26
What are the treatments for agoraphobia?
- variety of exposure therapy, cognitive-behavioural approaches
- support groups
- relapse may occur because panic disorder exists
- often occurs in late childhood to adulthood
27
What is the checklist?
- fear of being negatively evaluated by or offensive to others
- exposure to a situation causes anxiety (distress or impairment)
- avoid feared situations
28
What are social media jitters?
- mobile devices can produce forms of anxiety (social, GAD)
- FOMO
- nomophobia
29
What are the causes of social anxiety?
- anticipations ad avoidance of social disasters and dread of social situations
- genetics, trait tendencies, biological irregularities, childhood experiences, overprotective parents
30
What are social anxiety treatments?
- medications (benzodiazepine or antidepressant drugs)
- cognitive-behavioural therapy (exposure and systematic therapy discussions)
- social skills and assertiveness training
31
What are panic attacks?
- sudden short feelings of panic that reach a peak within minutes and pass
- heart palpitations, tingling (hands and feet), shortness of breath, sweating, hot and cold flashes, trembling, chest pains, choking sensations, faintness, dizziness, feelings of unreality
32
What is the panic disorder circuit?
- amygdala
- hippocampus
- ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus
- central grey matter locus corulus
33
What are drug therapies for panic disorder?
- antidepressants
- norepinephrine
- maintenance of drug therapy
- benzodiazepines (xanax)
34
What are obsessions?
persistent thoughts, ideas, impulses or images that seem to invade a person's consciousness
35
What are compulsions?
repetitive and rigid behaviours that people feel they must perform to prevent or reduce anxiety
36
When does OCD begin?
begins in childhood or young adulthood, fluctuating severity
37
What is OCD?
- occurrence of repeated obsessions or compulsions
- take up considerable time
- significant distress or impairement
38
What are features of OCD?
- intrusive and foreign thoughts
- attempts to ignore or resist them trigger anxiety
- awareness that thoughts are excessive
39
What are the themes of OCD?
- dirt/contamination
- violence/aggression
- orderliness
- religious backgrounds
- counting, verbalizing and counting
- checking compulsions
40
What is the psychodynamic perspective of OCD?
- The battle between the id and the ego lessens anxiety
- OCD related to the anal stage of development (toilet training)
41
What are treatments of OCD?
- techniques of free association and therapist interpretation
- short-term psychodynamic therapies
42
What's the cognitive behavioural perspective of OCD?
- grows from human tendencies to have unwanted, intrusive, unpleasant thoughts
- avoid negative outcomes, neutralize thoughts with actions
- thought-action fusion
43
What is the biological perspective of OCD?
- Gene anomalies
- Brain scan procedures reveal a hyperactive cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical brain circuit
- difficulty in turning off impulses
- symptoms better or worsen when brain circuit is damaged
44
What are biological treatments in OCD?
- serotonin-enhancing antidepressants
- combination of medication + cognitive-behavioural therapy
45
What is the biological model?
genetic variations to hyperactive fear circuits, bahavioural inhibitions
46
What is the cognitive behavioural and psychodynamic model?
role of parenting styles (overprotective)
47
What is the sociocultural model?
influence of life stress, poverty, school difficulties, family disharmony, peer pressure, community danger on anxiety-related disorder
Psychological Disorders
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