Chapter 4, textbook

Question 1

What does the term media refer to

Answer 1

• it refers to any form of communication that targets a mass audience in print or electronic format
• > eg; Emily Murphy’s book the black candle on criminilization of marijuana

Question 2

Why study media

Answer 2

• because so much of our lives are spent using it
• > sociologists also study the media because of what the media does
• > its impacts on individuals and society

Question 3

What is meant by the term simulmedia

Answer 3

• using more than one form of media simultaneously

- >eg; people watch telivision and use the Internet at the same time

Question 4

What are the patterns of media across age groups

Answer 4

-mobile computing trends for younger, while the use of desktop computers trends for older individuals

• older adults are more likely to engage with traditional versions of television, newspapers and magazines
• > younger adults are more likely to engage with digitized versions

Question 5

What is social medias main role

Answer 5

• primary role is a means to kepe in touch with friends and family
• > the use of social media is multifaceted(different things that you can do with social media)

Question 6

How does the media define

Answer 6

• it defines boundaries between groups and communities within those groups
• > influences our understanding of “us” and “them”
• media defines social problems and shapes public debates
• > it indicates which people and issues we should be concerned about and why

-media allows us to see morality and ethics in action

Question 7

How are stigmatized others presented in media

Answer 7

-they are presented as threats to the way of life of decent people

Question 8

What are absolute others

Answer 8

-they are individuals who commit exceptional crimes such as suicide bombers or pedophiles

Question 9

Does media place individuals on a spectrum between stigmatized and absolute others

Answer 9

-yes

Question 10

How can understanding what the media says influence people

Answer 10

-it can change people’s behaviors,solve social problems and enact social change

Question 11

What is administrative research in media

Answer 11

• it analyzes the effects of media messages on individuals
• > they hold the individual under a microscope trying to determine what types of messages will result in certain outcomes in INDIVIDUALS
• note these guys have a positivist foundation
• > they are involved in finding out cause-and-effect relationships
• > they want to change the way individuals can act
• media can affect individuals thoughts and feelings and their behavior
• > eg; advertisers trying to influence people’s attitudes towards products and thus their actions as consumers

Question 12

What is critical research in studies of media

Answer 12

• they analyze th process of social control structures of power and the relationship between media and ‘domination, contradiction and struggle’
• they hold society, rather than the individual under a microscope
• they largely draw on intrepretive theories and critical theories

Question 13

How does advertisements influence consumers

Answer 13

• when people are repeatedly exposed to advertisements, their brand recognition increases and they develop positive associations with those brands
• > then they subsequently purchase those specific products

Question 14

What three factors determine the effectiveness of advertisements

Answer 14

1) Source of communication
2) Message itself
3) Audience

Question 15

Is violence the most researched topic in media

Answer 15

-yes

Question 16

What are the two types of research that has been used to study the issue of violence in the media

Answer 16

• experimental research and correlational research
• > correlational has found a small to moderate relationship between the amount of violent media consumed and people’s aggressiveness
• > it is still statistically significant
• experimental has found that in the short term, exposure to media violence has several effects
• > including lower levels of empathy, greater acceptance of aggression as a legitimate way of resolving problems and higher levels of aggressive behavior

-no proof that violence in the media increases aggression over the long term

Question 17

Is desensitization to violence just emotional or is it physiological as well

Answer 17

• it is physiological as well
• > individuals who consume more violent media have lower heart rates and blood pressure when viewing a violent video clip
• > this is compared to those who consume less violent media

Question 18

How does administrative research into media serve as social control

Answer 18

• they serve as the foundation for demands to change the content
• > or to make more stringent regulations for various forms of media

Question 19

Does critical approach to media predominate over administrative research in Canada

Answer 19

-yes

Question 20

What do critical approach thinkers claim about media and its relation to the five levels of social construction

Answer 20

• media is intertwined with all five levels of social construction
• > eg; individual, interpersonal, institutional, sociocultural and global

-they focus on how the media socially constructs events, issues and identities and how those constructions may be affected by changing structures of media ownership

Question 21

What does framing mean in terms of media

Answer 21

• the way the media “select some aspects of a perceived reality and make them more salient in a communication text”
• this is to promote a problem definition, causal intepretation, moral evaluation and or treatment recommendation
• overall, framing is the way an issue is depicted in the media

Question 22

What three generic frames is the news media comprised of

Answer 22

1) conflict frame
- >emphasizes conflict between nations,instutions, groups or individuals

2) Human interest frame
- >focuses on human stories and emotions

3) Economic consequences frame
- >highlights material costs and benefits for countries, regions, groups or individuals

Question 23

What are the five different ways that minorities are portrayed on the media

Answer 23

1) Invisible
- >minorities are under-represented in the media

2)Minorities are portrayed in ways that support existing stereotypes

3) Some minorities are presented as social problems
- >eg; jamaican canadians are frequently portrayed as criminals

4)some ethnic minorities are represented as adornments

5) Minorities are represented as white-washed
- >their everyday experiences are portrayed as identical to the ethnic majority
- >or minority characters are played by white individuals in movies, etc

Question 24

How has significance of media framing for Indigenous people been highlighted

Answer 24

• it has been highlighted by the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada
• > the TRC points to the important role of media as part of the reconciliation process

Question 25

Does critical researchers of media look at media ownership

Answer 25

- yes - >they draw our attention to the structure of ownership in the media industry - >based on the assumption that ownership of the media is intertwined with the nature of the context

Question 26

Describe the meaning of convergence, coglomeration and concentration

Answer 26

Convergence - >media companies owning multiple forms of media - >for instance, a single corporation may own several television stations but also cable companies Conglomeration - >the trend that describes the media companies coming together or merging - >or other big companies purchasing smaller ones to form large multinational conglomerates Concentration - >a small number of corporations control most media products - >from the perspective of critical researchers, concentration within the structure of media ownership means that "corporate empires control every means by which the population learns of its society"

Question 27

Do deviant scholars use more the administrative research methods or the critical research methods

Answer 27

- they use more of the administrative methods - >this approach enables deviance scholars to analyze the influence that certain media messages may have on specific deviant behaviors - >such as crime, gang activity, substance use, sexual disorders, etc

Question 28

Do critical researchers look at more the social construction of deviance

Answer 28

-yes they look at how deviance is socially constructed

Question 29

What are the five different types of relationships that can exist between deviance and media

Answer 29

1) Media is a cause of deviance 2) Media is socially constructing deviance and normality 3) Media is used as a tool to commit deviance 4) Media as a site where the deviance dance is played out - >people debate, struggle and resist 5)Media is deviantized itself and subjected to measures of social control

Question 30

What is meant by the term cyber deviance

Answer 30

- it describes deviant acts that are committed using computer technology - >it is a way that media is used to commit deviancy - note that deviance carried out in the online world can also translate to the offline world - >so for example, a school shooter posting why he is going to shoot up a school on Facebook

Question 31

What was Operation Card Shop

Answer 31

- this was an undercover investigation - >they caught an organized crime ring that used the Internet to buy and sell stolen identities, exploit people's credit cards, etc

Question 32

Are there greater chances of having identities being stolen if you spend more time online

Answer 32

- yes | - >those at the greatest risk were individuals who engaged in various forms of cyberdeviance themselves

Question 33

Define the term hackers

Answer 33

- people who access computer systems without authorization and sometimes use that access for malicious purposes - >it has significant economic consequences for society, with global economic losses estimated at more than 400 billion dollars each year

Question 34

What are the two ways that hackers use computers

Answer 34

- first as their means of attack - second as a way of communicating with other hackers -note hacker subcultures exist both online and offline

Question 35

What are the five subcultures that characterize hackers

Answer 35

1) Technology - >they try to understand and manipulate technology - >they use Web forums as an important resource for obtaining technical skills 2) Knowledge - >continuous quest for knowledge is the foundation for hacker identities - >those with extensive body of knowledge are considered hackers - >those with impressive body of knowledge are elite hackers - >those who have limited knowledge are noobs - >people who have no knowledge but attend Def Con are scene whores 3) Commitment - >individuals must be dedicated and willing to persist despite the many obstacles and failures they will inevitably encounter 4) Categorization - >at which point can a person be considered an authentic hacker 5) Law - >legality of the law and what hacking behaviors are considered acceptable or which are unacceptable

Question 36

What is cyberterrorism or cyberespionage

Answer 36

- these hackers attack businesses and or societal infrastructure - >in some cases, these attacks are state sponsored

Question 37

Describe digital piracy

Answer 37

-illegal downloading of music, software and video

Question 38

How does the Internet facilitate piracy

Answer 38

- it does so through: - >anonymity, speed of transmission and a shift in mindset about ownership -the shift in mindset means that anything online is free for others to download with impunity

Question 39

How does digital piracy affect the global economy

Answer 39

- it costs the global economy of 75 billion annually - >the costs are then transferred to individual consumers - >this includes higher product costs -note because of convergence, conglomeration and concentration, these costs may be transferred to products outside of music, software or video

Question 40

What is the dominant mode of piracy these days

Answer 40

- peer to peer torrent file sharing - with this process - >an individual looking to download may grab bits and pieces from random computers that are linked into the process - >while at the same time allowing other users to access the bits and pieces of digital content on their own computers

Question 41

How does differential association theory describe piracy

Answer 41

- they say that the techniques and motivation of piracy are learned in online environments - >such as how to recognize files that may contain viruses or other malware

Question 42

How does neutralization theory describe malware

Answer 42

- they deny injury by stating that corporations have already a lot of money to start with - they condemn the condemners(industry is already trying to exploit consumers with high prices) - they appeal to higher loyalties(everyone of all socioeconomic statuses should have access to media content)

Question 43

How does interpretive theory describe piracy

Answer 43

- they explore processes of identity formation and labelling in digital pirates - >there is labelling and stigmatization within the pirating community

Question 44

How does the media serve as a social typer of deviance

Answer 44

-it shows us who should be considered deviant, why they should be considered deviant and what should be done about them

Question 45

Is there a deviance dance within the media

Answer 45

- yes - >the deviance dance is an inherent part of media in that it is a site of claims and counterclaims - >a site of deviance, deviantizing and resistance

Question 46

What is hashtag activism

Answer 46

-they are acts to change society's dominant moral codes

Question 47

What do Anonymous hackers consider themselves as

Answer 47

- they consider themselves as "hacktavists" | - >social activists who hack computers to improve society