Chapter 41

Question 1

What electrolyte and acid-base disturbances does vomiting cause?

Question 2

Name at least 4 antiemetic drug classes/examples used for nausea and vomiting.

Question 3

What are the 4 types of constipation and how does each develop?

Question 4

What are the ROME criteria for constipation diagnosis?

Question 5

What are the 3 types of diarrhea and how does each work?

Question 6

What electrolyte and acid-base disturbances does diarrhea cause?

Question 7

What are the systemic manifestations of diarrhea from (a) acute bacterial/viral infection, (b) IBD, and malabsorption?

Question 8

Distinguish parietal (somatic), visceral, and referred abdominal pain.

Question 9

Distinguish upper vs. lower GI bleeding, and define hematemesis, hematochezia, melena, and occult bleeding.

Question 10

What is achalasia, and what are its consequences?

Question 11

How do you distinguish upper vs. lower esophageal obstruction by symptom timing?

Question 12

What is GERD and what causes it?

Question 13

What are the clinical manifestations and treatment of GERD?

Question 14

Describe the 3 types of hiatal hernias.

Question 15

What drugs are contraindicated in hiatal hernia and why?

Question 16

What are the causes and treatment of acute gastritis?

Question 17

Distinguish Type A (chronic fundal) vs. Type B (chronic antral) gastritis.

Question 18

What is alkaline reflux gastritis and how does it differ from acid reflux?

Question 19

What is Zollinger-Ellison syndrome?

Question 20

Compare duodenal vs. gastric ulcers: timing of pain, pathophysiology, and acid secretion.

Question 21

Name and describe the 3 types of stress ulcers.

Question 22

What is dumping syndrome and what causes it?

Question 23

What is the treatment for dumping syndrome?

Question 24

Compare ulcerative colits vs crohn’s disease across 5 key features.

Question 25

What are the complications and treatment of Crohn's disease?

Question 26

What is IBS and what are its pathophysiologic mechanisms?

Question 27

Distinguish diverticulosis from diverticulitis.

Question 28

What are the clinical manifestations of appendicitis and what are its complications?

Question 29

Describe the 3 theories of ascites formation.

Question 30

What is the most specific diagnostic indicator for ascites?

Question 31

What is the danger of removing too much ascitic fluid too quickly during paracentesis?

Question 32

What are the clinical manifestations of hepatic encephalopathy?

Question 33

How is hepatic encephalopathy treated?

Question 34

What are the 3 causes of jaundice and how does each mechanism differ?

Question 35

What is the leading cause of acute liver failure and how is it treated?

Question 36

What are the clinical manifestations of jaundice?

Question 37

Describe the progression of alcoholic liver disease in sequence.

Question 38

Compare Hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E: transmission, key facts, and prevention.

Question 39

What are the 3 phases of hepatitis and their key features?

Question 40

What causes cholesterol gallstone formation? (List at least 4 mechanisms)

Question 41

Distinguish black vs. brown pigmented gallstones.

Question 42

What are the clinical manifestations of cholelithiasis?

Question 43

What is pancreatitis and what causes the tissue damage?

Question 44

What is the primary diagnostic marker for acute pancreatitis and what are its manifestations?

Question 45

What does chronic pancreatitis destroy and what is the most common cause?

Question 46

What are the risk factors and prognosis for pancreatic cancer?