Chapter 4.3 Biological Classification

Question 1

Why do we classify ?

4

Answer 1

• our convenience
• make the study of living things manageable
• identify organisms
• helps see relationships between species

Question 2

What’s biological classification order ?

8

Answer 2

Domain
Kingdom 
Phylum 
Class
Order 
Family 
Genus 
Species

Question 3

What’s the binomial system ?

2

Answer 3

• a system that’s uses the genus name and the species name to avoid confusion when naming organisms

Question 4

What are the 5 kingdoms ?

5

Answer 4

• prokaryotes
• Protoctista
• fungi
• plantae
• Animalia

Question 5

What’s classification ?

1

Answer 5

• the process of placing living things into groups

Question 6

What’s phylogeny ?

1

Answer 6

The study of the evolutionary relationships between organisms

Question 7

What’s natural selection ?

2

Answer 7

The terms used to explain how features of the environment apply a selective force on the reproduction of individuals in a population .

Question 8

What an autotroph ?

1

Answer 8

• produces own food

Question 9

What’s a heterotrophs ?

1

Answer 9

• don’t produce own food

Question 10

What’s convergent evolution?

2

Answer 10

-2 unrelated species have similar features as a result of evolving adaptations to the same environment.

Question 11

What does monophyletic mean ?

2

Answer 11

• belongs to the same phylogenic group

Question 12

What’s a taxa?

1

Answer 12

Series of groups arranged in a hierarchy

Question 13

What’s the evidence used in classification ?

3

Answer 13

• biological molecules
• DNA
• cytochrome C

Question 14

What’s the features of Artificial classification ?

4

Answer 14

• done for ease
• based on few characteristics
• doesn’t reflect any evolutionary relation
• limited info

Question 15

What are the features of natural classification ?

4

Answer 15

• many characteristics
• reflects evolutionary relationships
• provides a lot of info
• may change with advancing knowledge

Question 16

What are Darwin’s 4 particular observations ?

4

Answer 16

• offspring generally appear similar to parents
• no two individuals are identical
• organisms can produce a large number of offspring
• populations remain fairly stable in size

Question 17

What were Darwin’s theories ?

4

Answer 17

• many young are produces fit there is a competition for food and resources
• offspring that are better adapted survive
• they pass in their characteristics
• a number of changes could give rise to a new species

Question 18

What’s the evidence for evolution?

3

Answer 18

• fossils :
  Modern species better adapted ie: horse evolution
  -biological molecules : more similar in closely related species
  -Cytochrome C and DNA

Question 19

What’s genetic variation introduced by ?

5

Answer 19

• random distribution chromosomes during metaphase 1 meiosis !
• crossing over
• random mating
• random fertilisation of gametes
• mutation

Question 20

What’s infraspecific variation ?

1

Answer 20

• variation between members of the same species

Question 21

What’s INTERspecific variation ?

1

Answer 21

-variation between species

Question 22

What’s continuous variations?
Examples ?
(3)

Answer 22

• 2 extremes and full range of values in between
• height of humans
• length of leaves

Question 23

What’s discontinuous variation ? Examples ?

2

Answer 23

• distinct categories
  Nothing in between
  Gender
  Blood groups

Question 24

What’s an adaptation ?

2

Answer 24

• a characteristic that enhances survival in the habitat

Question 25

What are the 3 types of adaptation ? | 3

Answer 25

- anatomical - behavioural - physiological.

Question 26

What’s an anatomical adaptation ? | 1

Answer 26

-structural-features

Question 27

What’s a behavioural adaptation ? | 1

Answer 27

-behaviour modifies for survival

Question 28

What’s physiological adaptation? | 1

Answer 28

Effects the way processes work

Question 29

What’s statistical technique do you use for measuring the spread around the mean ?

Answer 29

- standard deviation

Question 30

What’s stats test do we use to compare 2 means ? | 1

Answer 30

T test !

Question 31

How do we see the relationship between 2 Sets of data ? | 1

Answer 31

- spearmans rank correlation coefficient

Question 32

Why do we need the 3 domain system ? | 3

Answer 32

- better microscopes showed fundamental differences in the mRNA of ARCHEA AND BACTERIA - fungi don’t fit it : move like plants - don’t photosynthesise - digest nutrient like animals do

Question 33

What are the 3 domains ? | 3

Answer 33

- eukaryotes - Archae. - bacteria

Question 34

How does natural selection work ? | 6

Answer 34

1- mutation gives alternative version of genes 2-genetic variation ( intraspecifc variation ) 3-environment= selective pressure 4-those with selective advantage survive and reproduce 5-next gen = high proportions of better adapted individuals 6-over time the whole population will be better adapted as the better adapted REPRODUCE AND PASS ON GENETIC VARIATION

Question 35

In spearmans ranks how do you know here is a correlation? | 1

Answer 35

- value must be above critical value !