AP 1 > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

The integumentary system consists of

A
  • Skin
  • Hair
  • Oil
  • Sweat glands
  • Nails
  • Sensory receptors
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2
Q

Function

A
  • Maintain body temperature
  • Converts inactive vitamin D to active form
  • Provides sensory info
  • Maintains homeostasis
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3
Q

Epidermis

A

superficial layer ; no blood vessels

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4
Q

Dermis

A

deeper layer ; contains blood vessels

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5
Q

Hypodermis

A

deep to dermis; not a layer of skin
• composed of: Areolar tissue + Adipose tissue

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6
Q

Epidermal ridges

A

more prominent in thick skin ; fingerprint ridges

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7
Q

Free nerve ending

A

exposed of sensory nerve ending

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8
Q

Dermal Papillae

A

some have sensory receptors, some have capillary loop; under dermal papillae

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9
Q

Papillary region

A

superficial part of dermis; few collagen fibres ~ (Loose areolar connective tissue)

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10
Q

Reticular region

A

deep part of dermis

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11
Q

Arrector pili muscle

A

attached to hair follicles; causes hair to stand/straighten (goosebumps)

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12
Q

Hair follicle

A

protects hair root ; each follicle wrapped in nerve

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13
Q

Lamellate corpuscle

A

Between reticular region + hypodermis, sinks deeper into dermis with age; connective covering around body “bulb-like” ~ detect deep pressure/vibration

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14
Q

Sensory nerves

A

branch and supply ; ending is wrapped in connective layer

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15
Q

Blood vessels

A

diameter~ outgoing (vein) , incoming (artery + branches) to skin to provide O2 and nutrition to skin

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16
Q

4 major Cell Types in Epidermis

A

Keratinocytes
Melanocytes
Intraepidermal macrophages
Tactile epithelial cells

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17
Q

Keratinocytes

A

• most abundant; spikey
- Makes up 90% of epidermis
• filled with keratin protein ~coated in hydrophobic molecules
• need protection from UV damage

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18
Q

Melanocytes

A

• fewer than ^ ; tentacle-like
- Makes up 8% — only in stratum basale layer
• melanin granules released by exocytosis ; taken up by keratinocytes
• protects from UV damage
• all bodies have same # of melanocytes

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19
Q

Intraepidermal macrophages (Langerhans cell)

A

• phagocytosis; eats pathogens; p
• cell of immune system but protects skin from entering pathogens; • main function: immune surveillance
• release chemicals into blood that rush to site of infection.

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20
Q

Tactile epithelial cells (Merkel cell)

A

• light touch;
• dendrite ending (sensory neuron) + Tactile/Merkel cell = Tactile/Merkel disc

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21
Q

Thin skin layers

A

• Stratum Basale (stratum germinativum)
• Stratum Spinosum
• Stratum Granulosum
• Stratum Corneum

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22
Q

Thick skin layers

A

• Stratum Basale (stratum germinativum)
• Stratum Spinosum
• Stratum Granulosum
• Stratum Lucidum
• Stratum Corneum

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23
Q

Stratum basale

A
  • Deepest Layer
  • 1 Row Of Cuboidal Or Columnar Keratinocytes
    • Has Scattered Keratin Intermediate Filaments (Little To None Filaments);
  • Stem Cells Undergo Mitosis — Cell Division
    • Produce New Keratinocytes; Melanocytes + Tactile Epithelial Cells; Tactile Discs
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24
Q

Stratum spinosum

A
  • 8-10 Rows Of Many-Sided Keratinocytes
  • • Has Bundles Of Keratin Intermediate Filaments;
    Spikey, Sharp Process
  • Contains Melanocytes + Intraepidermal Macrophages.
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25
Stratum Granulosum
- 8-10 Rows Of Many-Sided Keratinocytes - • Has Bundles Of Keratin Intermediate Filaments; Spikey, Sharp Process - Contains Melanocytes + Intraepidermal Macrophages.
26
Stratum lucidum
- 4-6 Rows Of Clear, Flat, Dead Keratinocytes - Large Amounts Of Keratin - Only In Skin Of Fingertips, Palms, + Soles
27
Stratum cornuem
- Superficial Layer - Hard/Rough - Few To 50+ Rows Of Dead, Flat Keratinocytes - Contain Mostly Keratin.
28
Melanin
produced by melanocytes in the stratum basale
29
Pheomelanin
darker pigment
30
Eumelanin
lighter pigment
31
Hemoglobin
a red pigment in red blood cells
32
Carotene
a yellow-orange pigment stored in the stratum corneum + adipose tissue
33
Albinism
a congenital disorder ; absence of pigment in skin, hair, & eyes • Lacking enzyme (defective gene) involved in the production of melanin
34
Vitiligo
a chronic disorder; causes depigmentation patches in skin. • Combo of: genetic factors + autoimmune disease
35
Hair
on most body surfaces EXCEPT palms + fingers tips + soles of feet • Composed of: Dead, Keratinized epidermal cells
36
Shaft
above skin surface
37
Follicle
below level of skin
38
Root
penetrates into dermis
39
Hair Growth Stages
• 1. Growth stage • 2. Regression stage • 3. Resting stage — 15% of hair is not growing
40
Types of Hairs
Lanugo Terminal Vellus
41
Lanugo
covers body of fetus
42
Terminal
Long, coarse, heavily pigmented hairs
43
Vellus
short, fine, pale hairs
44
Hair colour
due to amount + type of melanin present in keratinized cells of hair
45
4 types of skin glands:
4 types of skin glands: • 1. Sebaceous (oil) glands • 2. Eccrine sweat glands • 3. Apocrine sweat glands • 4. Ceruminous glands
46
Sebaceous (oil) glands
connected to hair follicles
47
Eccrine sweat glands
most numerous
48
Apocrine sweat glands
located in hairy skin areas
49
Ceruminous glands
modified sweat glands ; located in ear canal
50
Nails
made of keratinized epidermal cells
51
Free edge
extends past the finger or toe
52
Nail body (plate)
visible portion of the nail
53
Nail Bed
skin below the nail plate
54
Lunula
thick, white part of the nail
55
Eponychium (cuticle)
stratum corneum of the epidermis
56
Nail root
portion that is not visible
57
Hyponychium
secures nail to the fingertip
58
Nail matrix
epithelium proximal to the nail root; contains dividing cells, which produce new nail cells
59
Thermoregulation
- Sweat - Blood flow to Dermis
60
Blood reservoir
- Dermis layer — has many blood vessels • Can hold 8–10% of total blood flow while adult is at rest!
61
Keratin
protects tissues from: microbes + abrasion + heat + chemicals
62
Lipids
released by lamellar granules ; prevent evaporation of water from skin, helping dehydration
63
Sebum
from sebaceous glands; keeps skin + hairs from drying out
64
Acidic sweat
slows growth of microbes
65
Melanin
helps shield against UV light
66
Macrophages
regulates + phagocytes bacteria
67
Tactile sensations
touch, pressure, vibration, tickle
68
Thermal sensations
warm, cool
69
Excretion
elimination of substances from body
70
Absorption
passage of materials from external environment into cells
71
Ultraviolet rays
activate precursor molecule in skin ; allows vitamin D to be made
72
Vitamin D (Calcitriol)
aids absorption of calcium from foods in GI tract
73
Epidermal Wound Healing occurs when
superficial wounds affect only the epidermis
74
Deep Wound Healing Occurs when
an injury extends into dermis + subcutaneous layer
75
Deep wound healing phases
Inflammatory Migratory Proliferative Maturation
76
Inflammatory phase
inflammation; blood clot forms in the wound and loosely unites wound edges
77
Migratory phase
clot becomes a scab; epithelial cells migrate beneath scab to bridge wound
78
Proliferative phase
growth of epithelial cells beneath scab + continued growth of blood vessels
79
Maturation phase
scab falls off once epidermis is restored to normal thickness
80
Fibrosis
formation of scar tissue
81
Hypertrophic scar
remains in the boundaries of original wound
82
Keloid scar
extends beyond the boundaries into normal surrounding tissues
83
Age associated changes
• Wrinkles • Dehydration + cracking • Sweat production decreases • # of functional melanocytes decrease = grey hair + atypical skin pigmentation • Subcutaneous fat lost —> skin thickness decreases • Nails = more brittle
84
Epidermis develops from
Ectoderm
85
Dermis develops from
Mesoderm
86
Most common cause of Skin Cancer
Excessive exposure to UV light
87
1st degree burn
Into epidermis
88
2nd degree burn
Into dermis
89
3rd degree burn
Into subcutaneous layer
90
Pressure Ulcers
shedding of epithelium by a deficiency of blood flow to tissues
91
Age increases
susceptibility to pressure ulcers (“bed sores”)
AP 1
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