Final😳 Flashcards

Question

Contractile proteins

Answer 1

Allow shortening of muscle cells, which produces movement.

Answer 2

Aid responses that protect body against foreign substances and invading pathogens.

Answer 3

Carry vital substances throughout body.

Answer 4

Act as enzymes that regulate biochemical reactions.

Answer 5

“building blocks”, basic units of protein. Peptides, polypeptides

Answer 6

Flexible yet sturdy barrier that surrounds and contains the cytoplasm of the cell. Functions include isolation, sensitivity and regulation of exchange in the environment, and structural support

Answer 7

two back to back layers made of three types of lipid molecules

Answer 8

Phospholipids – 75% Cholesterol – 20% Glycolipids – 5%

Answer 9

Forms a pore through which a specific ion can flow to get across membrane

Answer 10

Transports a specific substance across membrane by undergoing a change in shape

Answer 11

Recognizes specific ligand and alters cell's function in some way

Answer 12

Catalyzes reaction inside or outside cell (depending on which direction the active site faces)

Answer 13

Anchors filaments inside and outside the plasma membrane, providing structural stability and shape for the cell. May also participate in movement of the cell or link two cells together

Answer 14

Distinguishes your cells from anyone else's (unless you are an identical twin)

Answer 15

Produces ATP = energy currency. Temporarily stores. Site of cellular respiration

Answer 16

modifies molecules furthers, then sorts and packages them for transport to their destinations

Answer 17

contains ribosomes* synthesizes glycoproteins and phospholipids that are transferred to cellular organelles, inserted into plasma membrane, or secreted during exocytosis.

Answer 18

lacks ribosomes* synthesizes fatty acids and steroids, inactivates or detoxifies drugs, removes phosphate group from glucose-6-phosphate, and stores and releases calcium ions in muscle cells

Answer 19

Waste disposal system

Answer 20

Active process in which a cell expends energy (ATP) to move a substance across the membrane against its concentration gradient

Answer 21

movement of substance to the inside of a cell

Answer 22

Movement of substances out of a cell

Answer 23

“cell eating”; movement of a solid particle into a cell after pseudopods engulf it to form a phagosome

Answer 24

“cell drinking” ingestion of liquid into a cell

Answer 25

Densely packed sheets of cells Little to no ECM Many cell junctions Avascular, but has a nerve supply Mitosis occurs frequently

Answer 26

alveoli of lungs

Answer 27

thyroid gland

Answer 28

small intestine

Answer 29

sebaceous glands, sweat glands, ducts

Answer 30

trachea, bronchi

Answer 31

Urinary bladder

Answer 32

Widely spaced cells Lots of ECM = ground substance + fibers Highly vascularized and nerve supply present (with the exception of Hyaline cartilage) Binds, supports, and strengthens other body tissues

Answer 33

mesenchyme or mucous

Answer 34

Most common

Answer 35

Subcutaneous layer, Blood vessels, Nerves, Organs

Answer 36

strength, elasticity, support

Answer 37

adipocytes, stores triglycerides

Answer 38

areolar tissue, subcutaneous layer, heart, kidneys, yellow bone marrow, joints, eyeball

Answer 39

reduce heat loss, energy reserve, supports organs

Answer 40

Reticular fibers and reticular cells

Answer 41

stroma of liver, spleen, lymph nodes, red bone marrow, reticular lamina, blood vessels, muscles

Answer 42

stroma of organs, binds smooth mm, filters blood cells and microbes

Answer 43

Forms extracellular matrix, collagen fiber bundles; fibroblasts rows between

Answer 44

tendons, ligaments, aponeurosis

Answer 45

Strong attachment between structures. Tissue withstands pulling along fibers axis

Answer 46

Collagen fibers random arranged with a few fibroblasts

Answer 47

Fasciae, Dermis, Pericardium, Periosteum, Perichondrium, Joint/membrane, Kidneys/liver/testes/lymph nodes/heart

Answer 48

Provides tensile strength in many directions

Answer 49

Fibers with fibroblasts, yellowish color

Answer 50

Lung tissue, Arteries, Trachea/bronchial tubes/vocal cords, Penis/vertebrae ligaments

Answer 51

Stretches organs, Recoil

Answer 52

Trabeculae

Answer 53

lymphocytes (WBC’s)

Answer 54

opens to the exterior; possess goblet cells that secrete mucous Esophagus

Answer 55

never open to the exterior

Answer 56

pleural membrane that surrounds the brain and spinal cord

Answer 57

membranes that encapsulate joints, only connective tissue membrane

Answer 58

Most abundant, makes up 90% of epidermis Spikey Filled with keratin protein – coated in hydrophobic molecules Need protection from UV damage Lamellar granules give waterproofing to skin

Answer 59

Makes up 8% - only in stratum basale layer Tentacle – like Melanin granules release by exocytosis; taken up by keratinocytes Protects from UV damage All bodies have same number of melanocytes Number of melanin granules made = determines skin colour Melanin granules determine skin pigment, lacking melanin = albinism

Answer 60

Superficial

Answer 61

Thick skin only

Answer 62

keratohyalin and lamellar granules

Answer 63

melanocytes & langerhan cells

Answer 64

produces keratinocytes, melanocytes, tactile epithelial cells, and discs

Answer 65

Superficial portion of dermis (1/5th) Areolar connective tissue with thin collagen and elastic fibers Contains dermal ridges (dermal papillae) housing blood capillaries, corpuscles of touch and free nerve endings, capillary loops

Answer 66

Deeper portion of the dermis (4/5th) Dense irregular connective tissue with thick collagen and some elastic fibers Spaces between fibers contain adipose cells, hair follicles, nerves, sebaceous glands and sudoriferous (sweat) glands

Answer 67

Prevent hairs from drying out, prevent water loss from skin, keep skin soft, inhibit growth of some bacteria

Answer 68

Regulation of body temp, waste removal, stimulated during stress

Answer 69

Stimulated during emotional stress and sexual excitement

Answer 70

Impede entrance of foreign bodies and insects into external ear canal, waterproof canal, prevent microbes from entering cells

Answer 71

Occurs when superficial wounds affect only the epidermis No Scar

Answer 72

Occurs when an injury extends into dermis and subcutaneous layer Leaves behind scar Fibrosis ex. Keloid scars (overgrowth of skin)

Answer 73

Inflammatory → migratory phase → proliferative phase → maturation phase

Answer 74

Information blood clot forms in the wound and loosely unties wound edges

Answer 75

Clot becomes a scab, epithelial cells migrate beneath scab to bridge wound

Answer 76

Growth of epithelial cells beneath scab + continued growth of blood cells

Answer 77

Scab falls off once epidermis is restored to normal thickness

Answer 78

Provide support Protects the internal organs Assists body movements – in conjunction with muscles Mineral homeostasis – stores and releases calcium and phosphorus Participates in blood cell production from red bone marrow – hematopoiesis Stores triglycerides in adipose cells of yellow marrow

Answer 79

Bone stem cells able to differentiate into other types of cells Undergo cell division when stimulated Cells develop into osteoblasts (gap junctions)

Answer 80

Bone building cells Synthesize/secrete collagen fibers Forms bone extracellular matrix, become osteocytes Deposits calcium/phosphorus from food Initiate calcification

Answer 81

*most abundant* Mature, primary cells in bone tissue Maintains bone tissue/metabolism and nutrient exchange in blood

Answer 82

Carves out bone, absorbing Large cell; breaks down extracellular matrix Develops from white blood cells Remodels and bone resorption; calcium release Ruffled border – folded plasma membrane; secretes digestive enzymes to underlying extracellular matrix that dissolves, releasing calcium to blood

Answer 83

Lightweight interior bone. Always beneath a layer of compact bone. Provides tissue support and flexibility for tendon insertion

Answer 84

Strongest tissue. Provides protection and support. Resists stresses of weight and movement Makes up: Diaphysis of long bone – Under periosteum

Answer 85

Both ends of bone

Answer 86

between diaphysis and epiphysis containing a growth plate on each end

Answer 87

Remanent of the growth plate in adults

Answer 88

Thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering both epiphyses where the bone forms a joint

Answer 89

Hollow space within diaphysis; containing bone marrow, lightens the weight of the bone.

Answer 90

Surrounding diaphysis

Answer 91

Thin membrane lining the medullary cavity

Answer 92

organ - Many fascicles - Wrapped in epimysium

Answer 93

tissue - Bundle of muscle fibers - Wrapped in perimysium

Answer 94

cell - Many mesodermal cells (myoblasts) - Wrapped in endomysium

Answer 95

contractile organelle - Made of repeated segments of sarcomeres; in a muscle fiber/cell

Answer 96

contractile - Compartments where filaments are arranged inside myofibril

Answer 97

Surrounds each muscle fibre

Answer 98

Surrounds muscle fascicles

Answer 99

Surrounds entire muscle organ

Answer 100

ER that stores and releases Ca2+ into the sarcoplasm when stimulated by a neuron.

Answer 101

Ability of muscular tissue to contract forcefully when stimulated by an action potential. Pulls bone where muscle is shortened.

Answer 102

Ability of muscular tissue stretch, within limits, without being damaged

Answer 103

Ability of muscular tissue to return to its original length and shape after contraction/extension

Answer 104

Ability to respond to stimuli by producing electrical signals – action potentials

Answer 105

Has myosin binding site where the myosin head of thick filament binds during contraction, can block myosin with regulatory protein

Answer 106

Binds to myosin binding sites on actin during contraction. Myosin pulls actin in contraction (gets blocked by regulatory proteins).

Answer 107

help switch contraction process on and off, allows myosin to bind to actin when somatic neurons stimulate a muscle fiber

Answer 108

Blocks myosin binding site so myosin cannot bind to actin

Answer 109

Moves tropomyosin away from myosin-binding sites on actin molecules

Answer 110

Connects Z disc to M line of sarcomere

Answer 111

gives red color to mm

Answer 112

voluntary Moves bones Multinucleated Striated Stimulated from somatic motor neurons Limited capacity for regeneration due to satellite cells

Answer 113

Involuntary Only in heart wall 1 nucleus Striated Intercalated discs - desmosomes and gap junctions; electrical signals pass through

Answer 114

Involuntary Spindle-shaped/fusiform 1 nucleus Not striated Sends signals – sympathetic/parasympathetic nervous system

Answer 115

1 somatic motor neuron and branches + all the muscle fibers it innervates FEW motor units = WEAK muscle contraction - recruited first MANY motor units = STRONG muscle contraction - get signal last

Answer 116

in marathon runners. Least powerful muscles

Answer 117

weight/powerlifters. Anaerobic glycolysis

Answer 118

Walking and sprinting

Final😳 Flashcards

(146 cards)