What are the major milestones of Piaget’s sensorimotor stage?
Infants learn through senses and motor actions, start reflexive, then become integrated, coordinated, and intentional.
At what age did Piaget propose infants develop object permanence?
By 8-12 months.
When does Piaget suggest imitation of actions appears?
At 1 year.
What is deferred imitation and when does it appear according to Piaget?
Deferred imitation appears at 18 months.
Deferred imitation is producing something later, imitating at a later time.
True or False: Piaget equated lack of physical ability with lack of cognitive understanding.
True. (this was wrong)
What does the object concept refer to?
Understanding of the nature of objects and how they behave.
What paradigm did Baillargeon use to challenge Piaget’s view?
Violation of expectation paradigm.
Define learning in the context of cognitive development.
Permanent changes in behavior that result from experience.
What type of conditioning can babies learn from before birth?
Classical Conditioning.
What is operant conditioning in infants?
Infant sucking and head turning can be reinforced.
Schematic Learning: At what age do infants begin using categories to process information?
By 7 months.
How early can babies remember specific objects and their actions?
As young as 3 months.
What is infant-directed speech?
Simplified, higher-pitched speech used with babies and young children.
What do newborns prefer to listen to?
Infant directed speech.
What are the early milestones of language development?
- Cooing vowel sounds (1-2 months)
- Babbling (around 6 months)
What is receptive vocabulary and when does it develop?
Understanding the meaning of words.
By 9- to 10-months is ~ 20-30 words.
When does expressive vocabulary typically appear?
Around 12 months.
What are holophrases?
Combination of single words with gestures to make a complete thought.
When do naming explosions typically occur in infants?
Between 16- to 24 months.
What are the features of early sentences in infants?
- Short and simple (two or three words)
- Grammatical markers are missing.
What is expressive vocabulary?
The ability to produce language
~ 12 months.
What kind of interactions are crucial for child development?
Serve and return interactions.
