Chapter 5: Integumentary

Question 1

Structures:

Answer 1

Skin & accessory organs of skin; hair, nails, glands, and smooth muscle (arrector pili).

Question 2

Functions:

Answer 2

-sensation
-temperature regulation
-vitamin D
-excretion of waste products
-protection (against abrasion, microorganisms, and UV radiation)

Question 3

What is the arrector pili?

Answer 3

smooth muscle that makes hair stand on end (goosebumps)

Question 4

What are the 2 layers of the skin?

Answer 4

-epidermis
-dermis

Question 5

What is the epidermis?

Answer 5

SUPERFICIAL layer of stratified squamous tissue; PROTECTS & REDUCES WATER LOSS

Question 6

What is the dermis?

Answer 6

DEEP connective layer; STRUCTURAL STRENGTH; sebaceous gland (sebum), hair follicle, arrector pili

Question 6

Subcutaneous tissue (Hypodermis)

Answer 6

NOT part of skin; loose connective tissue made of adipose tissue (fat) that connects the skin to underlying structures

Question 7

Pacinian corpusule:

Answer 7

senses PRESSURE touch

Question 8

Meissner corpussule

Answer 8

senses 2-point discrimination touch (ex: two fingers touching arm)

Question 9

free nerve endings:

Answer 9

detect PAIN

Question 10

Merkel cell

Answer 10

detects light/superficial touch

Question 11

Epidermis has 5 layers

Answer 11

-stratum corneum (most superficial)
-stratum lucidum (clear cells)
-stratum granulosum (granules)
-stratum spinosum (spiny)
-stratum basale (most deep; base)

Question 12

Does thick skin have all 5 epithelial strata?

Answer 12

Yes. EX: palms or soles

Question 13

Does Thin skin have all 5 strata layers?

Answer 13

NO. Thin skin only has 4 layers (excludes lucidum)

Question 14

Unlike thick, THIN skin is/has:

Answer 14

more flexible and has hair

Question 15

What is Callus?

Answer 15

increase in layers in stratum corneum (corn forming)

Question 16

AGAIN, where is stratum lucidum (clear cells) only found?

Answer 16

ONLY in thick skin

Question 17

What does the stratum basale (base) have?

Answer 17

highest mitotic activity (cell division)

Question 18

What are the cells of the epidermis?

Answer 18

-keratinocytes
-melanocytes
-langerhans cells
-merkel cells

Question 19

Keratinocytes?

Answer 19

cells that produce keratin for strength and H2O proof

Question 20

Melanocytes:

Answer 20

skin color pigment and skin protection (SAME # FOR EVERYONE, NO MATTER SKIN COLOR)

Question 21

Langerhans cells:

Answer 21

part of immune system

Question 22

Merkel cells:

Answer 22

detect light/superficial pressure or touch

Question 23

What 3 factors determine skin color?

Answer 23

-pigment
-blood circulation
-thickness of stratum corneum

Question 24

What are some skin pigments?

Answer 24

-Melanin (colored brown to black; yellow/red) -Albinism (deficiency of pigment) -Carotene: (yellow pigment from veggies) ; accumulates in stratum

Question 25

What are the 4 glands?

Answer 25

-sebaceous gland (sebum/oil) -ceruminous gland (earwax) -mammary gland (milk) -sweat gland (sweat)

Question 26

What is the nail structure?

Answer 26

thin plate of layers of dead stratum corneum cells w/ hard keratin include nail body, free edge, cuticle (eponychium), matrix/nail bed, nail root, and lunula)

Question 27

What is the free edge of the nail?

Answer 27

White part; where MANICURE is mainly given

Question 28

What is the lunula?

Answer 28

small part of nail matrix; whitish, crescent shape at lower base of nail

Question 29

Heat exchange in skin

Answer 29

COLD: goosebumps (arrector pili) and vasoconstriction (blood vessels constrict) to PREVENT heat loss. HEAT: sweat glands and vasodilation (blood vessels dilate) to INCREASE heat loss and make it colder

Question 30

What organ systems are involved in the production of Vitamin D?

Answer 30

-integumentary -digestive -urinary

Question 31

Which is the most common type of cancer?

Answer 31

Skin cancer

Question 32

basal cell carcinoma

Answer 32

most common; affects cells of stratum basal

Question 33

squamous cell carcinoma

Answer 33

affects stratum spinosum; may bleed

Question 34

malignant melanoma

Answer 34

most deadly, may arise from pre-existing mole, and ABCDE rule

Question 35

What is the ABCDE rule?

Answer 35

Asymmetry Border irregularity Color not uniform Diameter greater than 6mm Evolving

Question 36

Types of burns

Answer 36

-1st degree (superficial on epidermis) -2nd degree (partial thickness; epidermis and dermis) -3rd degree (full thickness; epidermis and complete dermis) -4th degree (involves damage to bones/muscles)

Question 37

What is the RULE of 9's in clinicals?

Answer 37

estimates % of body surface area that's burned (front and body is 9%, each arm is 9%, pubic region is 1%) .... for clarification (11 x 9%=99 + that 1% in pubic region)

Question 38

What is callus?

Answer 38

increase in layer of stratum Corneum on SOFT AREA... but when this occurs over a bony prominence, it's now called a CORN

Question 38

Between THICK & THIN skin, which has papillae (fingerprints & footprint)?

Answer 38

Thick has papillae (fingerprint/footprint)

Question 39

What is papillae?

Answer 39

fingerprints & footprints found only on thick skin

Question 40

Cyanosis

Answer 40

blue color; caused by decrease in oxygen

Question 41

Erythema

Answer 41

red color; increase in blood flow

Question 42

Jaundice

Answer 42

deposition of bilirubin; causes skin to look yellow

Question 43

Dermis contain 5 structures... (hint: NHSSL)

Answer 43

nerves, hair follicles, smooth muscles, sweat glands & lymphatic vessels

Question 44

Accessory organs are found...

Answer 44

everywhere BUT the palms, soles, lips, nipples

Question 45

What are the 3 types of hair?

Answer 45

-Lanugo: un-pigmented hair (white); EX: usually grows on NEWBORN -Terminal: long, coarse, & highly pigmented (EX: scalp, eyebrows, pubic hair) -Vellus: fine, short hair on body (EX: women's arm hair)

Question 46

Nail matrix is AKA as the...

Answer 46

"Mother of the nail"

Question 47

Hyponychium is the...

Answer 47

part of skin, beneath the free edge

Question 48

Distal portion of nail is the...

Answer 48

Free edge (white part of nail)

Question 49

Proximal portion of the nail is the...

Answer 49

Lunula (white cresent part)

Question 50

Eponychium is AKA as the...

Answer 50

Cuticle