Chapter 5: Learning

Question 1

What is any relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by any experience or practice?

Answer 1

Learning

Question 2

What is learning to make an involuntary response to a stimulus other than the original, natural stimulus that normally produces the response?

Answer 2

Classical conditioning

Question 3

What is a naturally occurring stimulus that leads to an involuntary and unlearned response in classical conditioning?

Answer 3

Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

Question 4

What is an involuntary and unlearned response to a naturally occurring or unconditioned stimulus in classical conditioning?

Answer 4

Unconditioned response (UCR)

Question 5

What is a stimulus that has no effect on the desired response prior to conditioning in classical conditioning?

Answer 5

Neutral stimulus (NS)

Question 6

What is a previously neutral stimulus that becomes able to produce a conditioned response after pairing with an unconditioned stimulus in classical conditioning?

Answer 6

Conditioned stimulus (CS)

Question 7

What is a learned response to a conditioned stimulus in classical conditioning?

Answer 7

Conditioned response (CR)

Question 8

What is the tendency to respond to stimulus that is only a similar to the original conditioned stimulus with the conditioned response?

Answer 8

Stimulus generalization

Question 9

What is the tendency to stop making a generalized response to a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus because the similar stimulus is never paired with the unconditioned stimulus?

Answer 9

Stimulus discrimination

Question 10

What is the disappearance or weakening of a learned response following the removal or absence of the unconditioned stimulus (in classical conditioning) or the removal of a reinforcer (in operant conditioning)?

Answer 10

Extinction

Question 11

What is the reappearance of a learned response after extinction has occurred?

Answer 11

Spontaneous recovery

Question 12

What occurs when a strong conditioned stimulus is paired with a neutral stimulus, causing the neutral stimulus to become a second conditioned stimulus?

Answer 12

Higher-order conditioning

Question 13

What is the modern theory in classical conditioning in which conditioning is seen to occur because the conditioned stimulus provides information or an expectancy about the coming of the unconditioned stimulus?

Answer 13

Cognitive view of classical conditioning

Question 14

What is the emotional response that has become classically conditioned to occur to learned stimuli, such as a fear of dogs or the emotional reaction that occurs when seeing an attractive person?

Answer 14

Conditioned emotional response (CER)

Question 15

What is the classical conditioning of an involuntary response or emotion by watching the reaction of another person?

Answer 15

Vicarious conditioning

Question 16

What is the tendency of animals to learn certain associations, such as taste and nausea, with only one or few pairings due to the survival value of the learning?

Answer 16

Biological preparedness

Question 17

What is the learning of voluntary behavior through the effects of pleasant and unpleasant consequences to responses?

Answer 17

Operant conditioning

Question 18

What is the law stating that if an action is followed by a pleasurable consequence, it will tend to be repeated, and if followed by an unpleasant consequence, it will tend not to be repeated?

Answer 18

Law of effect

Question 19

What is any event or stimulus that, when following a response, increases the probability that the response will occur again?

Answer 19

Reinforcement

Question 20

What is any reinforcer that is naturally reinforcing by meeting a basic biological need such as hunger, thirst, or touch?

Answer 20

Primary reinforcer

Question 21

What is any reinforcer that becomes reinforcing after being paired with a primary reinforcer such as praise, tokens, or gold stars?

Answer 21

Secondary reinforcer

Question 22

What is the tendency for a response that is reinforced after some, but not all, correct responses to be very resistant to extinction?

Answer 22

Partial reinforcement effect

Question 23

What is the schedule of reinforcement in which the interval of time that must pass before reinforcement becomes possible is always the same?

Answer 23

Fixed interval schedule of reinforcement

Question 24

What is any stimulus, such as a stop sign or a doorknob, that provides the organism with a cue for making a certain response in order to obtain reinforcement?

Answer 24

Discriminative stimulus

Question 25

What is the reinforcement of simple steps in behavior through successive approximations that lead to a desired, more complex behavior?

Answer 25

Shaping

Question 26

What is the use of objects called tokens to reinforce behavior in which the tokens can be accumulated and exchanged for desired items or privileges?

Answer 26

Token economy

Question 27

What is the form of biofeedback using brain-scanning devices to provide feedback about brain activity in an effort to modify behavior?

Answer 27

Neurofeedback

Question 28

What is using feedback about biological conditions to bring involuntary responses, such as blood pressure and relaxation, under voluntary control?

Answer 28

Biofeedback

Question 29

What is the learning that remains hidden until its application becomes useful?

Answer 29

Latent learning

Question 30

What is the tendency to fail to act to escape from a situation because of a history of repeated failures in the past?

Answer 30

Learned helplessness

Question 31

What is learning new behavior by watching a model perform that behavior?

Answer 31

Observational learning

Question 32

What is the observation that learning can take place without actual performance of the learned behavior?

Answer 32

Learning/performance distinction