What is the set of mental operations that people perform on sensory information to convert that information into a form that is usable in the brain’s storage systems?
Encoding
What is the holding onto information for some period of time?
Storage
What is getting the information one knows out of storage?
Retrieval
What model focuses on the way information is handled, or processed, through different stages of memory (the processes of encoding, storage, and retrieval)?
Information-processing model
What model focuses on the depth of processing associated with specific information; deeper processing associated with longer retention?
Levels-of-processing model
What is the model that focuses on simultaneous processing of information across multiple neural networks; this simultaneous processing is supposed to allow people to retrieve many different aspects of a memory all at once, facilitating much faster reactions and decisions?
Parallel distribution processing (PDP) model
What is the first system in the process of memory, the point at which information enters the nervous system through the sensory systems–eyes, ears, and so on?
Sensory memory
Information that has just entered _______________ (visual) memory will be pushed out very quickly by new information, a process called masking (about after only a quarter of a second).
iconic
What is the ability to access a visual sensory memory over a longer period of time?
Eidetic imagery
The duration of ______________ memory is about 4 seconds (longer than iconic memory), but this memory’s capacity is limited (and smaller) to what can be heard at any one moment
echoic
What is the phenomenon in which you don’t really process a statement from another person as they say it (you hear it, but your brain didn’t interpret it immediately, instead it took several seconds for you to realize what was said?
The “what?” phenomenon
What is the next process of memory after sensory memory?
Short-term memory (STM)
What is the ability to focus on only one stimulus from among all sensory input?
Selective attention
What is the active system that processes the information present within the STM?
Working memory
What is the system into which all the information is placed to be kept more or less permanently?
Long-term memory (LTM)
What is a way of increasing the number of retrieval cues (stimuli that aid in remembering) for information by engaging in deep and elaborate processing of that information, often intentionally, and connecting new information with something that is already well known?
Elaborative rehearsal
What is the type of long-term memory including memory for skills, procedures, habits, and conditioned responses; these memories are not conscious but are implied to exist because they affect conscious behavior?
Nondeclarative (implicit) memory
What is the loss of memory from the point of injury or trauma forward, or the inability to form new long-term memories?
Anterograde amnesia
What is the type of long-term memory containing information that is conscious and known?
Declarative (explicit) memory
What is the type of declarative memory containing general knowledge, such as knowledge of language and information learned in formal education?
Semantic memory
What is the type of declarative memory containing personal information not readily available to others, such as daily activities and events?
Episodic memory
What is the memory for events and facts related to one’s personal life story?
Autobiographical memory
What is the model that assumes that information is stored in the brain in a connected fashion, with concepts that are related to each other stored physically closer than concepts that are not highly related?
Semantic network model
What is the tendency for memory of information to be improved if related information (such as surroundings or physiological state) that is available when the memory is first formed is also available when the memory is being retrieved?
Encoding specificity
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Chapter 1: The Science of Psychology52
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Chapter 2: The Biological Perspective85
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Chapter 8: Development Across the Life Span44
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Chapter 5: Learning32
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Chapter 6: Memory45
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Chapter 13: Theories of Personality57
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Chapter 12: Social Psychology66
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Chapter 11: Stress and Health49
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Chapter 14: Psychological Disorders87
