Chapter 5: Lipids

Question 1

phospholipids

Answer 1

The second most common of the three basic lipids. Similar to triacylglycerols, phospholipids have an acid containing
phosphorus in place of one of the fatty acids. These lipids appear in all cell membranes.

Question 2

adipose tissue

Answer 2

Fatty tissue in the body that consists of masses of fat-storing cells.

Question 3

cholesterol

Answer 3

Fatty tissue in the body that consists of masses of fat-storing cells.

Question 4

cardiovascular disease

Answer 4

Fatty tissue in the body that consists of masses of fat-storing cells.

Question 5

Triglycerols (or triglycerides)

Answer 5

The most common of the three basic classes of lipids and the main form fat takes in both diet and the human body. A triacylglycerol is made up of three molecules of fatty acids and one molecule of glycerol.

Question 6

bioavailability

Answer 6

Refers to the proportion of nutrients that are absorbed or become available in the bloodstream.

Question 7

phytochemicals

Answer 7

Nonessential plant compounds considered to have a beneficial impact on human health.

Question 8

satiety

Answer 8

The feeling of being satisfied or full

Question 9

Fatty acids

Answer 9

An organic compound that contains a carboxylic acid (−COOH) group at one end and a methyl group at the other (−CH3).

Question 10

saturated fatty acid

Answer 10

A fatty acid that contains the maximum number of hydrogen atoms with no points of unsaturation.

Question 11

point of unsaturation

Answer 11

The place on a molecule where additional hydrogen atoms can attach

Question 12

unsaturated fatty acid

Answer 12

A fatty acid that is missing hydrogen atoms with one or more point of unsaturation.

Question 13

monounsaturated fatty acid

Answer 13

A fatty acid that contains one point of unsaturation

Question 14

polyunsaturated fatty acid

Answer 14

A fatty acid that contains two or more points of unsaturation.

Question 15

cis fatty acid

Answer 15

A fatty acid with the hydrogen atoms bonded to the same side of the carbon chain.

Question 16

trans fatty acid

Answer 16

A fatty acid that has hydrogens attached on opposite sides of the carbon chain.

Question 17

nonessential fatty acids

Answer 17

A fatty acid that can be synthesized by the body.

Question 18

essential fatty acids

Answer 18

A fatty acid that the body cannot synthesize and must be supplied through the diet.

Question 19

eicosanoids

Answer 19

Compounds derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids that control several body functions

Question 20

docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)

Answer 20

An omega-3 fatty acid that is especially important for brain growth and development in infants

Question 21

amphiphillic

Answer 21

A compound that has both water-loving and fat-loving properties.

Question 22

emulsifiers

Answer 22

Compounds that allow two immiscible liquids to combine so that no separation occurs.

Question 23

lipase

Answer 23

An enzyme responsible for the breakdown of triacylglycerols and phospholipids.

Question 24

diglycerides

Answer 24

A product of lipid
digestion, consisting of a glycerol molecule that has two fatty acids attached.

Question 25

bile

Answer 25

A substance secreted by the liver that aids in the absorption and digestion of fats.

Question 26

monoglycerides

Answer 26

A product of lipid digestion, consisting of a glycerol molecule with one fatty acid attached.

Question 27

lipoproteins

Answer 27

Proteins that contains a lipid which serves to transport fat through blood and lymph

Question 28

chylomicron

Answer 28

Chylomicron clusters form when lipids are combined with carrier proteins in the cells of the intestinal lining. Chylomicron is a vehicle of transport for fats throughout the watery environment of the body to the liver and other tissues.

Question 29

VLDLs

Answer 29

Very low-density lipoproteins formed in the liver from the remains of the chylomicron.

Question 30

IDLs

Answer 30

Intermediate-density lipoproteins transport a variety of fats and cholesterol in the bloodstream and are a little under half triacylglycerol in composition

Question 31

LDLs

Answer 31

Low-density lipoproteins are also known as “bad cholesterol.” It contains higher concentrations of triacylglycerols and lower concentrations of protein and is responsible for delivering cholesterol to the body’s tissues.

Question 32

HDLs

Answer 32

High-density lipoproteins are also known as “good cholesterol.” It contains the maximum percentage of protein and a lower percentage of cholesterol and collects and transports excess cholesterol, returning it to the liver for reuse or excretion.

Question 33

Oxidation

Answer 33

The loss of at least one electron when two or more substances interact

Question 34

linolenic acid

Answer 34

An omega-3 fatty acid that is essential for human health.

Question 35

linoleic acid

Answer 35

An omega-6 fatty acid that is essential for human health.

Question 36

eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)

Answer 36

An omega-3 fatty acid made from linolenic acid, found in fish.

Question 37

docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)

Answer 37

An omega-3 fatty acid that is especially important for brain growth and development in infants.

Question 38

arachidonic acid (ARA)

Answer 38

An omega-6 essential fatty acid that is a precursor to the synthesis of eicosanoids.

Question 39

smoking point

Answer 39

The temperature at which fat gives off a pungent blue gas.

Question 40

hyperlipidemia

Answer 40

A term that refers to any number of conditions characterized by excessive amounts of fat in the blood.