Chapter 5: The Integumentary System

Question 1

cutaneous membrane

Answer 1

another name for skin

Question 2

functions of the integumentary system

Answer 2

1. Regulates body temperature.
2. Stores blood.
3. Protects body from external environment.
4. Detects cutaneous sensations.
5. Excretes and absorbs substances.
6. Synthesizes vitamin D.

Question 3

components of the integumentary system

Answer 3

• epidermis
• dermis
• subcutaneous layer
• hairs
• nails
• glands

Question 4

epidermis is composed of

Answer 4

keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

Question 5

keratinocytes

Answer 5

• 90% of epidermal cells
• produce keratin
• produce lamellar granules

Question 6

keratin

Answer 6

• tough,
• fibrous
• intracellular protein that helps protect the skin and underlying tissues from abrasions, heat, microbes, and chemicals

Question 7

lamellar granules

Answer 7

• release a water‐repellent sealant

- decreases water entry and water loss and inhibits the passage of foreign materials

Question 8

melanocytes

Answer 8

-produce the pigment melanin

Question 9

melanin

Answer 9

• yellow‐red or brown‐black pigment
• contributes to skin color
• absorbs damaging ultraviolet (UV) light

Question 10

UV protection

Answer 10

• Once inside keratinocytes, the melanin granules cluster to form a protective veil over the nucleus,
• on the side toward the skin surface. In this way, they shield the nuclear DNA from damage by UV light.
• Although their melanin granules effectively protect keratinocytes, melanocytes themselves are particularly susceptible to damage by UV light.

Question 11

Langerhans cell

Answer 11

Epidermal dendritic cell that functions as an antigen‐presenting cell (APC) during an immune response. Also called an intraepidermal macrophage.

Question 12

Merkel cell

Answer 12

Type of cell in the epidermis of hairless skin that makes contact with a tactile (Merkel) disc, which functions in touch. Also called a tactile epithelial cell.

Question 13

the five layers of the strratum

Answer 13

1. basale
2. spinosum
3. granulosum
4. lucidum
5. corneum

Question 14

basale

Answer 14

deepest layer

-composed of a single row of cuboidal or columnar keratinocytes

Question 15

Stratum Granulosum

Answer 15

consists of three to five layers of flattened keratinocytes that are undergoing apoptosis

• water proofing
• last layer of O2, too far

Question 16

Stratum Spinosum

Answer 16

numerous keratinocytes produced by the stem cells in the basal layer, arranged in 8–10 layers

Question 17

Stratum Lucidum

Answer 17

present in the thick skin of areas such as the fingertips, palms, and soles
four to six layers of clear, flat, dead keratinocytes that contain large amounts of keratin and thickened plasma membranes
-thick dead skin

Question 18

Stratum Corneum

Answer 18

consists on average of 25 to 30 layers of flattened dead keratinocytes

Question 19

dermis

Answer 19

A layer of dense irregular connective tissue lying deep to the epidermis.

Question 20

region of the skin that leather is made from

Answer 20

dermis

Question 21

papillary region of the dermis

Answer 21

The superficial portion of the dermis (about one‐fifth); consists of dense irregular connective tissue with thin collagen fibers and fine elastic fibers; contains dermal papillae that house capillaries, corpuscles of touch, and free nerve endings.

Question 22

reticular region of the dermis

Answer 22

The deeper portion of the dermis (about four‐ fifths); consists of dense irregular connective tissue with bundles of thick collagen and some coarse elastic fibers. Spaces between fibers contain some adipose cells, hair follicles, nerves, sebaceous glands, and sudoriferous glands.

Question 23

hypodermis

Answer 23

• subcuatneous layer
• areolar and adipose tissue
• attaches dermis to the fascia of the body

Question 24

hypodermis function

Answer 24

• attaches dermis to facia of the body
• allows movement of muscle tissue below
• protection

Question 25

skin pigments

Answer 25

- melanin - carotene - hemoglobin

Question 26

melanin

Answer 26

A brown pigment produced by melanocytes. | -freckle/ moles

Question 27

Albinism

Answer 27

bnormal, nonpathological, partial, or total absence of pigment in skin, hair, and eyes.

Question 28

vitiligo

Answer 28

the partial or complete loss of melanocytes from patches of skin, produces irregular white spots. The loss of melanocytes may be related to an immune system malfunction in which antibodies attack the melanocytes.

Question 29

tyrosine

Answer 29

- amino acid | - produce melanin

Question 30

carotene

Answer 30

Antioxidant precursor of vitamin A, which is needed for synthesis of photopigments; -yellow‐orange pigment present in the stratum corneum of the epidermis. -Accounts for the yellowish coloration of skin. -accumulates in the stratum corneum and the fat of the hypodermis

Question 31

hemoglobin

Answer 31

The skin of light‐skinned individuals, which has little melanin in the epidermis, appears translucent and its color ranges from pink to red depending on the oxygen content of the blood moving through capillaries in the dermis

Question 32

skin appendages

Answer 32

- hair - sebaceous glands (grease) - sweat glands - nails

Question 33

hair

Answer 33

dead keratinized cells secreated from the living hair follicle

Question 34

sebaceous glad (grease)

Answer 34

-secreate sebum which protects and condions the skin

Question 35

sweat glands

Answer 35

- secreat sweat (blood filtrate) - 99% water - sudoriferous

Question 36

nails

Answer 36

-scale like modication of the epidermis

Question 37

burns

Answer 37

- caused by rapid fluid loss and reduced blood flow - infection risk is high - classified by severity

Question 38

canser of the epithelia (carcinoma)

Answer 38

-fastest growing canser in the western hemisphere

Question 39

melanoma

Answer 39

-greater than or equal to 4mm in length

Question 40

The substance that prevents excessive evaporation of water from the skin, keeps the skin soft and pliable, and inhibits the growth of bacteria is:

Answer 40

sebum

Question 41

Tyrosinase is an enzyme necessary for the production of:

Answer 41

melanin

Question 42

the most abundant cell in the epidermis, and produces a tough, fibrous, protective protein?

Answer 42

keratinocytes

Question 43

the correct order of epidermal layers from deep to superficial (in thick skin)?

Answer 43

stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum

Question 44

The layer of the skin that contains both interwoven bundles of collagen fibers and the protein elastin, and is responsible for the strength of the skin, is the

Answer 44

reticular layer

Question 45

____________ are cells that produce the skin pigment that absorbs ultraviolet light.

Answer 45

melanocytes

Question 46

The layer immediately deep to the stratum basale (germanitivum) of the epidermis is the

Answer 46

papillary layer

Question 47

The layer of the skin that contains sweat and oil glands, as well as hair follicles would be which of the following?

Answer 47

reticular layer

Question 48

Which epidermal cell is part of your immune system, helping to recognize foreign substances or antigens?

Answer 48

Langerhan cells

Question 49

Which layer of the epidermis contains three to five layers of keratinocytes undergoing apoptosis?

Answer 49

stratum granulosum

Question 50

The dermis is comprised of what tissue type?

Answer 50

dense irregular connective tissue

Question 51

reticular region

Answer 51

The reticular region of the dermis is a thin, superficial layer with projections into the epidermis.

Question 52

The most superficial layer of the dermis is the:

Answer 52

papillary region