Chapter 6

Question 1

An in-depth analysis of an individual, group, event or phenomenon.

Answer 1

Case study

Question 2

An in-depth analysis of an individual, group, event or phenomenon.

Answer 2

Case study

Question 3

Core features of a case study

Answer 3

Has a defined unit of analysis for the case

Question 4

Advantages of a case study

Answer 4

1. Flexibility due to the small number of participants
2. Can use a wide variety of techniques to collect data
3. Able to collect a lot of details on one or more people
4. Individual cases can provide insight into broader conditions
5. lead to new hypothesizes
6. Provide support of the external validity of other research methods

Question 5

Examining an individual case in depth within it’s real-life context

Answer 5

Qualitative case study

Question 6

Researchers rely primarily on numerical assessments and analysis to describe and understand a case

Answer 6

Quantitative case study

Question 7

Researchers rely substantially on both quantitative and qualitative analysis to explore a case

Answer 7

Mixed-methods case study

Question 8

Researchers rely substantially on both quantitative and qualitative analysis to explore a case

Answer 8

Mixed-methods case study

Question 9

A case is examined in depth due to some inherent interest in learning about that particular case

Answer 9

intrinsic case study

Question 10

A case is analyzed in depth because it can help us learn about a broader phenomenon

Answer 10

instrumental case study

Question 11

Several cases are studied in depth for the purpose of learning about a broader phenomenon

Answer 11

Collective case study

Question 12

Researchers analyse one case

Answer 12

single case study

Question 13

Researchers study multiple cases

Answer 13

multiple case study design

Question 14

Researchers study multiple cases

Answer 14

multiple case study design

Question 15

How to collect data in a case study

Answer 15

direct observation or questioning

Question 16

The researcher identifies in advance a set of topics or themes to be discussed with the interviewee, but the structure remains flexible

Answer 16

semi-structured interview

Question 17

A moderator leads a group of people through an interview

Answer 17

focus group

Question 18

Additional ways a case study can gather data

Answer 18

Psychological and neurological tests, brain imaging, ect.

Question 19

Limitations of case studies

Answer 19

1. Difficulty drawing clear causal conclusions
2. the generalizability of findings is not possible
3. The potential for observer bias

Question 20

Limitations of case studies

Answer 20

1. Difficulty drawing clear causal conclusions
2. the generalizability of findings is not possible
3. The potential for observer bias

Question 21

Occurs when researchers have expectations or other predispositions that distort their observations

Answer 21

observations bias

Question 22

Research that involves studying behaviour through observation

Answer 22

observational research

Question 23

Basic characteristics of observational research

Answer 23

1. Measuring behaviour through real-time observation or electronic recording
2. Qualitative approach or quantitative approach or both

Question 24

Why do observational research?

Answer 24

1. good for describing behaviour
2. Can describe relationships between naturally occurring variables

Question 25

Researchers passively observe behaviour in a natural setting

Answer 25

naturalistic observation

Question 26

Disguise versus undisguised observation

Answer 26

In naturalistic observation, participants may or may not know they are being observed

Question 27

Advantages of naturalistic observations

Answer 27

1. can study animals or people in natural settings 2. it is ecologically valid/high external validity

Question 28

Disadvantages of naturalistic observation

Answer 28

1. lack of control 2. impossible to observe and record everything 3. Ethical issues of disguised research 4. undisguised research can change participants' behaviour

Question 29

The observer becomes a part of the group during observation periods

Answer 29

participant observation

Question 30

Ethical issues of disguised observational research

Answer 30

No informed consent is obtained

Question 31

Limitations of participant observation studies

Answer 31

1. The researcher's presence can change the behaviour of the group 2. Researchers may have to be apart of a group for years 3. Researchers can lose objectivity

Question 32

Advanatages of participant observation studies

Answer 32

1. study behaviour from the view point of an insider 2. Can be the only way to study the group

Question 33

Combining participant observation with interviews to gain an integrative description of social groups

Answer 33

ethnography

Question 34

A researcher is fully or partly configures the setting in which behavior will be observed

Answer 34

stuctured observation

Question 35

Structured observation advantages

Answer 35

greater efficiency and control if done in a lab

Question 36

structured observation disadvantages

Answer 36

takes place in a lab

Question 37

Ways to record observations

Answer 37

narrative records, field notes, behavioural coding systems, observer rating and ranking scales, participant diaries,

Question 38

A system to classify participants' responses into categories

Answer 38

behavioral coding systems

Question 39

Used to evaluate participants' behaviour or other characteristics by ordering them

Answer 39

observer rating and ranking scales

Question 40

When multiple observers have agreeing observations

Answer 40

interobserver reliability

Question 41

Selecting a particular member or unit who will be observed at a particular time

Answer 41

focal sampling

Question 42

when an observer scans the environment at specific time intervals

Answer 42

scan sampling

Question 43

selecting the settings that observations will take place

Answer 43

situation sampling

Question 44

selecting the time periods that observations will occur

Answer 44

time sampling

Question 45

Limitations of observational research

Answer 45

1. cannot draw causational conclusions because no manipulation and lack of control 2. observer bias 3. Reactivity

Question 46

when the process of observing changes the behaviour

Answer 46

reactivity

Question 47

observers are unaware of the hypotheses when observing

Answer 47

blind observation

Question 48

when responses decrease over time due to desensitization to a stimuli

Answer 48

habituation

Question 49

Assesses behaviour without making people aware that the behaviour is being measured. This is also on a continuum depending on the experiment.

Answer 49

unobtrusive measure

Question 50

Unobtrusively examine traces of behaviour that people create or leave behind

Answer 50

physical trace measures

Question 51

Using existing public records for research

Answer 51

archival records