Chapter 8

Question 1

The ability to manipulate the IV, control the extraneous variables and affect the DV

Answer 1

experimental control

Question 2

More experimental control means we can.

Answer 2

1. Establish temporal order
2. Remove plausible alternative explanations
3. Create covariation

Question 3

A factor that is not the focus of the experiment, but can affect the results if not controlled

Answer 3

extraneous variables

Question 4

A variable that can affect the temporal order or change the DV that is not the IV

Answer 4

confounding variable

Question 5

When an experiment consistently alters their behaviour towards participants depending on what condition the participant is in

Answer 5

systemic bias

Question 6

Different participants are randomly assigned to each condition

Answer 6

between-subject design

Question 7

Each participant engages with more then one condition

Answer 7

within-subject design

Question 8

Changing the order of conditions that participants participate in

Answer 8

counterbalancing

Question 9

Experiment with only one IV, but the IV must have two levels (conditions)

Answer 9

single-factor design

Question 10

The group that gets the change or active level of the IV

Answer 10

experimental condition

Question 11

The group that does not receive treatment

Answer 11

control condition

Question 12

Advantages of between-subjects design

Answer 12

1. the results are only caused by the condition they are in
2. Some questions only work in a between-subject design
3. it’s harder for participants to guess the hypothesis

Question 13

disadvantages of between-subjects designs

Answer 13

1. not always effective in creating equivalent groups
2. need more participants

Question 14

A type of between-subject design where participants are randomly assigned to various conditions of the experiment

Answer 14

independent-groups design

Question 15

The conditions are randomly assigned at every level and every possible point

Answer 15

Block randomization

Question 16

A characteristic on which we match sets of individuals as closely as possible

Answer 16

matching variable

Question 17

A set of participants is matched based on attributes and then is randomly assigned to conditions

Answer 17

matched-groups designs

Question 18

Selecting participants and groups based on personal characteristics

Answer 18

natural-groups design

Question 19

A personal characteristic that we want to study

Answer 19

subject variable

Question 20

A procedure in which each member of a poluation has an equal probablitity of being selected into the sample

Answer 20

random sampling

Question 21

participants are randomly selected to a condition and has an equal probablility of being in any condition

Answer 21

random assignment

Question 21

participants are randomly selected to a condition and has an equal probablility of being in any condition

Answer 21

random assignment

Question 22

Advantages of within-subject designs

Answer 22

1. fewer participants
   2.Good for experiments with many condtions
2. Collect more data per conditition
   4.More reliable findings
3. Can only be used for certain types of questions

Question 23

Disadvantages of within-subject designs

Answer 23

1. Order effects and progressive effects
2. practice effects
3. fatigue effect
4. carryover effects

Question 24

Disadvantages of within-subject designs

Answer 24

1. Order effects and progressive effects 2. practice effects 3. fatigue effect 4. carryover effects

Question 25

Participants responses are effected by the order of conditions

Answer 25

order effects

Question 26

Refelcts changes in participants responses due to exposure to prior conditions

Answer 26

progressive effects

Question 27

When imporvement comes from doing the ask multiple times

Answer 27

practice effects

Question 28

Participants responses in one condition are uniquely influenced by another particular condition

Answer 28

carryover effects

Question 29

exposure to multiple conditions increases participants awarenss of hypothesis

Answer 29

sensitization

Question 30

Exposing participants to each condition once in all possible orders

Answer 30

complete counterbalancing

Question 31

A type of counterbalancing that can only be done with multiples of 4 numbers where each condition only appears once in each collum and row

Answer 31

latin square

Question 32

From the set of all possible orders, a subset of orders is randomly selected and each order is administered to one participant

Answer 32

random-selected-orders design

Question 33

Why expose participants to each condition more than once?

Answer 33

1. a smaller amount of participants 2. examine reliability of participant responses 3. extend generalizability of results

Question 34

Every participant is exposed to multiple blocks of trials with each block for each participant containing a newly randomized order of all the conditions

Answer 34

block-randomization design

Question 35

Each participant receives a random order of all the conditions and then receives a random order of all the conditions and then receives them again in the reverse order.

Answer 35

reverse-counterbalancing design

Question 36

Help researchers determine whether the differences between the mean scores of two conditions is significantly significant

Answer 36

T-test

Question 37

Help researchers determine whether the overall pattern of differences among the mean scores of the conditions is statistically significant

Answer 37

ANOVA