Chapter 6

Question 1

The sum total of genetic material of an organism (in the form of chromosomes)

Answer 1

Genome

Question 2

Genomics

Answer 2

The study of an organisms entire genome

Question 3

General location of eukaryotic genomes

Answer 3

Chromosomes
Nucleus
Chloroplasts
Mitochondrion
Plasmids (in some fungi and Protozoa)

Question 4

General location of bacteria genomes:

Answer 4

Chromosomes
Plasmids

Question 5

General location of viruses genomes:

Answer 5

In the DNA or RNA

Question 6

Chromosomes are:

Answer 6

Discrete cellular structures composed of a neatly packed DNA molecule

Question 7

Location, numbers, and appearance of a bacterial chromosome:

Answer 7

Cytoplasm (nucleoid)
Usually one
Usually circular

Question 8

Location, numbers, and appearance of eukaryotic chromosome:

Answer 8

Nucleus
Vary few to hundreds
Linear

Question 9

The basic unit of DNA is a _______.

Answer 9

Nucleotide

Question 10

3 things nucleotides include.

Answer 10

Phosphate
Deoxyribose sugar
Nitrogenous base

Question 11

The nitrogenous base include

Answer 11

Purines (A,G) and pyrimidines (T,C)
Adenine (A) always pairs with Thymine (T)
Guanine (G) always pairs with Cytosine (C)

Question 12

Replication DNA

Answer 12

DNA->DNA

Question 13

Transcription DNA

Answer 13

DNA -> RNA
Also tRNA mRNA rRNA

Question 14

Translation DNA

Answer 14

RNA -> Protein

Question 15

Basic flow of making proteins

Answer 15

DNA > mRNA > Protein

Question 16

Bacterial transcription and translation

Answer 16

70S ribosomes
mRNA contain information for several proteins
No exons introns
DNA in nucleoid (cytoplasm)

Question 17

Eukaryotic transcription and translation

Answer 17

80S ribosomes
mRNA code for just one protein
Exons (coding regions) and introns (non coding regions)
DNA is in nucleus

Question 18

mRNA function

Answer 18

Codes protein

Question 19

tRNA function

Answer 19

Delivers amino acids

Question 20

rRNA function

Answer 20

Protein synthesis

Question 21

Persons are

Answer 21

Only found in bacteria and archaea

Question 22

Catabolism

Answer 22

The breakdown of nutrients ex: lactose

Question 23

Catabolic operons

Answer 23

Operons encoding enzymes that act in catabolism, when the enzymes needed to metabolize a nutrient are only produced when that nutrient is present in the environment. Ex: only processed milk when you drank milk.

Question 24

Repressive operons

Answer 24

Contain genes coding for anabolic enzymes (enzymes that build)

Question 25

Repressors bind to the ______ and block the ______ polymerase.

Answer 25

Operator; RNA

Question 26

Recombination

Answer 26

When one bacterium donates DNA to another bacterium. The end result is a new strain.

Question 27

Recombinant organism

Answer 27

Any organism that contains and expresses genes that originated in another organism.

Question 28

Vertical gene transfer

Answer 28

Normal gene production, parent cell division. Occurs during reproduction

Question 29

Horizontal gene transfer

Answer 29

Transfer of genes between cells of the same generation, not from parent but another microbe.

Question 30

Plasmids

Answer 30

Small circular pieces of DNA that can replicate independently. Allow transfer of DNA between cells found in most bacteria and some fungi not necessary for survival.

Question 31

Conjugation bacterial sex

Answer 31

A mode of genetic exchange, a plasma or other genetic material is transferred to a donor recipient cell. There is a debt direct connection between cells can occur in gram-positive and gram negative.

Question 32

Resistance (R factors)

Answer 32

Carry jeans for existing antibiotics or other drugs commonly shared among bacteria through conjugation can confirm multiple resistances to antibiotics.

Question 33

Competent cells

Answer 33

Cells that are capable of accepting genetic material through transformation

Question 34

Transformation

Answer 34

Cells are picking DNA up from the surrounding environment

Question 35

Transduction

Answer 35

The process by which a virus or bacteriophage serves as a carrier of DNA from a donor cell to a recipient cell. The only catches they must be the same species.

Question 36

Bacteriophage

Answer 36

Virus that infects bacteria

Question 37

Generalized transduction

Answer 37

Any bacterial genes can be transferred

Question 38

Specialized transduction

Answer 38

Only certain bacterial genes are transferred 

Question 39

Horizontal gene transfer that needs naked DNA

Answer 39

Transformation

Question 40

Horizontal gene transfer that needs cell contact

Answer 40

Conjugation

Question 41

Horizontal gene transfer that involves bacteriophage

Answer 41

Transduction