chapter 6

Question 1

Q1: What is overt attention?

Answer 1

A1: Attention involving eye movements toward the target.

Question 2

Q2: What is covert attention?

Answer 2

A2: Attention without moving the eyes.

Question 3

Q3: What is exogenous attention?

Answer 3

A3: Automatic stimulus-driven attention.

Question 4

Q4: What is endogenous attention?

Answer 4

A4: Voluntary goal-directed attention.

Question 5

Q5: What does Posner’s cueing task show?

Answer 5

A5: Valid cues speed responses; invalid cues slow responses.

Question 6

Q6: What is the spotlight theory of attention?

Answer 6

A6: Attention acts like a beam highlighting regions of space.

Question 7

Q7: What does the cocktail party effect demonstrate?

Answer 7

A7: Unattended information can break through (e.g.one’s name).

Question 8

Q8: What does Broadbent’s early selection theory propose?

Answer 8

A8: Filtering occurs before meaning is processed.

Question 9

Q9: What is the main limitation of early selection theory?

Answer 9

A9: It can’t explain detection of meaningful unattended information.

Question 10

Q10: What does Treisman’s attenuation theory propose?

Answer 10

A10: Unattended information is weakened not eliminated.

Question 11

Q11: What do late selection theories propose?

Answer 11

A11: All stimuli are processed for meaning before selection.

Question 12

Q12: What is the preattentive stage in FIT?

Answer 12

A12: Automatic detection of basic features.

Question 13

Q13: What is the focused attention stage in FIT?

Answer 13

A13: Stage where features are bound into objects.

Question 14

Q14: What are illusory conjunctions?

Answer 14

A14: Incorrect combinations of features due to attention failure.

Question 15

Q15: What is feature search?

Answer 15

A15: Search based on a single feature; fast and parallel.

Question 16

Q16: Is feature search affected by set size?

Answer 16

A16: No search time stays fast.

Question 17

Q17: What is conjunction search?

Answer 17

A17: Search requiring feature binding; slower and serial.

Question 18

Q18: What does slow conjunction search indicate?

Answer 18

A18: Focused attention is required.

Question 19

Q19: How does attention affect neural firing?

Answer 19

A19: Increases firing for attended stimuli.

Question 20

Q20: What is attentional capture?

Answer 20

A20: Automatic attention shift to a salient stimulus.

Question 21

Q21: What is a saliency map?

Answer 21

A21: Representation of visually distinct locations.

Question 22

Q22: What is inattentional blindness?

Answer 22

A22: Failure to notice unexpected objects when attention is elsewhere.

Question 23

Q23: What is change blindness?

Answer 23

A23: Failure to detect changes in a scene.

Question 24

Q24: What is the attentional blink?

Answer 24

A24: Impaired detection of a second target shortly after the first.

Question 25

Q25: When does attentional blink occur?

Answer 25

A25: 200–500 ms after the first target.

Question 26

Q26: What is object-based attention?

Answer 26

A26: Selecting whole objects rather than regions.

Question 27

Q27: What is the same-object advantage?

Answer 27

A27: Faster shifts of attention within the same object.

Question 28

Q28: What brain region is key for spatial attention?

Answer 28

A28: Parietal cortex.

Question 29

Q29: What does right parietal damage cause?

Answer 29

A29: Left hemispatial neglect.

Question 30

Q30: What is hemispatial neglect?

Answer 30

A30: Failure to attend to one side of space.

Question 31

Q31: What causes Balint’s syndrome?

Answer 31

A31: Bilateral parietal damage.

Question 32

Q32: What is simultanagnosia?

Answer 32

A32: Inability to perceive more than one object at a time.

Question 33

Q33: What are saccades?

Answer 33

A33: Rapid eye movements between fixations.

Question 34

Q34: What are fixations?

Answer 34

A34: Brief pauses where visual information is taken in.

Question 35

Q35: What determines attentional priority?

Answer 35

A35: Stimulus salience plus task goals.

Question 36

Q36: What drives bottom-up attention?

Answer 36

A36: Physical salience of stimuli.

Question 37

Q37: What drives top-down attention?

Answer 37

A37:Goals expectations

Question 38

Q38: What is scene gist?

Answer 38

A38: The overall meaning of a scene.

Question 39

Q39: How quickly can scene gist be recognized?

Answer 39

A39: Under 250 ms.

Question 39

Q40: Does gist require focused attention?

Answer 39

A40: No, gist is processed rapidly and automatically.

Question 40

Q41: What is motion-based attentional capture?

Answer 40

A41: Sudden movement draws attention automatically.

Question 41

Q42: What is location-based attention?

Answer 41

A42: Selecting spatial regions for processing.

Question 42

Q43: What is the just-in-time eye movement strategy?

Answer 42

A43: Eyes move right before needed information is processed.

Question 43

Q44: What is a peripheral cue?

Answer 43

A44: Cue appearing at the target location.

Question 44

Q45: What is a symbolic cue?

Answer 44

A45: Cue using meaningful symbols (e.g.arrows).

Question 45

Q46: What does precueing do?

Answer 45

A46: Speeds processing at the cued location.

Question 46

Q47: What is temporal attention?

Answer 46

A47: Allocating attention at a specific moment in time.

Question 47

Q48: Does reward influence attention?

Answer 47

A48: Yes reward-associated stimuli gain priority.

Question 48

Q49: Do emotional stimuli capture attention?

Answer 48

A49: Yes especially threat-related or highly emotional stimuli.

Question 49

Q50: What happens when attention is divided between tasks?

Answer 49

A50: Performance decreases due to limited capacity.