BIO111: Microbiology > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

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1
Q

Importance of microbial metabolism

A
  1. Model to study eukaryote metabolism (E.coli)
  2. Food from fermentation
  3. Method to ID bacteria
  4. Designing and understanding antimicrobial drugs
  5. Biofuels
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2
Q

Metabolism

A

All chemical reactions in a cell

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3
Q

Two types of metabolism

A

Catabolism

Anabolism

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4
Q

Catabolism

A

processes that degrade compounds, often release energy

ex. Cellular respiration breaking down glucose to form ATP

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5
Q

Anabolism

A

process that synthesize macromolecule subunits, use ATP energy
Ex. Photosynthesis, protein synthesis, DNA synthesis

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6
Q

Enzymes

A

protein catalysts

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7
Q

Catalyst

A

molecules that speed up chemical reactions but are not altered by the reaction

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8
Q

Enzymes and catalysts

A

Some enzymes are catalysts but not all.

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9
Q

Substrate

A

combines with enzyme at the active site and product is released.
Enzymes are very specific to substrate and the reaction

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10
Q

Enzymes have optimal ranges of…..

A

temperature, pH, salt concentration.

Outside optimal range can denature the enzyme or slow it down

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11
Q

3 types of enzyme inhibitors

A

Competitive inhibition
Non-competitive inhibition
Feedback inhibition

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12
Q

Competitive inhibition

A
  • not permanent
  • binding site is blocked by the other inhibitor to inhibit enzyme
  • sulfa drugs inhibit an enzyme that makes folic acid
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13
Q

Non-competitive inhibition

A
  • permanent change to enzyme

ex. mercury breaks sulfer bonds in amino acid cysteine and changes the proteins shape.

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14
Q

Feedback inhibition

A
  • can be permanent, but most of the time not
  • When final product is available from an outside source the enzyme will stop making it to conserve energy.
  • Final product binds to allosteric site which changes the active site to make it unable to make more final products
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15
Q

Cofactor

A

non-protein helpers

- must be present for substrate to bind to active site and work

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16
Q

Coenzymes

A

organic cofactors, often made from vitamins

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17
Q

Electron carriers

A

NAD+/NADH, NADP+/NADPH, FAD/FADH2

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18
Q

NAD is derived from which vitamin

A

Niacin

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19
Q

FAD is derived from which vitamin

A

Riboflavin

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20
Q

Overall equation for cellular respiration

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

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21
Q

3 steps of cellular respiration

A

Glycolosis
Transition Step (Krebs or Citric Acid Cycle)
Electron Transport

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22
Q

Electron Transport

prokaryote vs eukaryote

A

Differences in transport proteins and location

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23
Q

Prokaryote Electron Transport Proteins

A
  • Differences between types of prokaryotes
  • Cytochrome C found in Neisseria, Psudomonas, Caphylobacter can be tested for with OXIDASE TEST
  • Menaquinone found in some prokaryotes is also a source of vitamin K
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24
Q

Source of vitamin K

A

Menaquinone

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25
Oxidase test tests for...
Cytochrome C: found in Neisseria, Pseudomonas, and Camphylobacter
26
ATP Yield
3 ATP from each NADH 2 ATP from each FADH2 38 total ATP in prokaryotes 36 total ATP in eukaryotes
27
Why is there a difference in ATP yield between prokaryotes and eukaryotes
Difference is due to transport of NADH from glycolysis
28
Fermentation
- occurs if oxygen is not available or electron transport mechanisms are not present. - Does not make ATP, but makes NAD+ which can go back to glycolysis
29
Glycolysis
Glucose -> pyruvate + 2 ATP + 2 NADH
30
Lactic Acid fermentation
Glucose -> pyruvate -> Lactic acid Tooth decay Food products
31
Types of lactic acid bacteria
lactobacillus, lactococcus, streptococcus
32
Ethanol Fermentation
Glucose -> Pyruvate -> Ethanol + CO2
33
what is responsible for production of beer, wine, champagne, rum, whiskey and bread
Saccharomyces (yeast)
34
what is responsible for production of tequila
Zymomonas (bacteria)
35
what is responsible for production of vinegar
Acetic acid bacteria (Aceobacteria)
36
Ethanol fermentation create ethanol for use as a...
biofuel
37
Other types of fermentation
Butyric acid | Propionic acid
38
Butyric Acid
- Clostridium (obligate anaerobes) | - Used to produce solvents butanol and acetone
39
Propionic Acid
- Propionibacterium - used to make swiss cheese - CO2 makes holes in cheese - Propionic acid gives flavor
40
Mixed acids | ID of bacteria by fermentation method
Some bacteria produce several acids
41
Methyl Red Test | ID of bacteria by fermentation method
red color develops at pH less than 4.5 | Ecoli +, Klebsiella and Enterobacter -
42
2,3 Butanediol Voges-proskauer test (ID of bacteria by fermentation method)
red color when intermediate acetoin present | - E.coli - , Klebsiella and enterobacter +
43
Anaerobic respiration
- Chemoautotrophs - Inorganic molecules used as terminal electron acceptor instead of oxygen - Hydrogen, Sulfer, Iron, Nitrogen
44
Photosynthesis overall equation
6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy -> C6H12O6 + 6O2
45
Cyanobacteria
- Blue green "algae" | - photosynthesis very similar to plants and algae
46
Anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria
- Green and purple bacteria - Do not produce oxygen - CO2 + H2A + light energy -> C6H12O6 + A2
47
Photosystems
Complexes of pigments and proteins capture light energy by exciting electrons
48
Cyanobacteria, plants and algae | photosystems
- have two different photosystems | - get new electrons from H2O
49
Green and purple bacteria | photosystems
have only 1 type of photosystem
50
Pigments
- Chlorophyll in cyanobacteria, plants and algae | - Baceriochlorophyll in green and purple bacteria
51
Location of photosynthesis for Eukaryotes
chloroplasts containing thylakoid membranes
52
Location of photosynthesis for Cyanobacteria
thylakoid membranes only
53
Location of photosynthesis for green bacteria
chlorosomes
54
Location of photosynthesis for purple bacteria
invaginations in cell membrane | recall endosymbiotic theory
55
Central Metabolic pathways
- cellular respiration also provides precursors to many biosynthesis reactions - intermediate molecules can go on to cellular respiration processes or be used to synthesize lipids, amino acids and nucleotides
56
Lipid synthesis
triglycerides and phospholipids contain glycerol and fatty acids
57
Fatty acids
- acetyl group from Acetyl-CoA attaches to a transport protein - 2-carbon units are added to this to make long chains of fatty acids
58
Glycerol
made from a molecule made during glycolysis
59
Amino acid synthesis
Proteins- amino acids joined by peptide bonds, often with complex foldings
60
Glutamate (amino acid synthesis)
- Glutamate is a precursor to other amino acids - made by adding ammonia to molecule from Krebs cycle - other amino acids (example aspartate) are made by taking NH2 (amino group) from glutamate
61
Aromatic Amino Acids (amino acid sythesis)
- tyrosine, phenylalanine, tryptophan - multistep, branching pathway - precursors come from pathhways of cellular respiration - Example: negative feedback
62
Where does glycolysis take place in eukaryotes
cytoplasm
63
What molecule is the coenzyme that carries electrons in glycolosis
NADH
64
How many ATP are made from glycolysis
2
65
What molecule is produced from glycolysis and how many carbons does it have
pyruvic acid (3 carbons)
66
Where does glycolysis take place in prokaryotes
cytoplasm
67
Where does the 2nd step (trasition step TCA cycle) take place in eukaryotes
in Cristae membrane of mitochondria
68
What two molecules are made from pyruvic acid in the transition step before the Krebs cycle can occurr
Acetyl CoA (2 carbons) and CO2
69
What byproduct is released in Krebs cycle
CO2
70
How many ATP per glucose are produced from the Krebs cycle
2
71
Where does this second step (krebs cycle) take place in prokaryotes
Outter cell membrane
72
What are the names of the two electron carriers used in the Krebs cycle
NAD & FAD
73
Where does electron transport occur in eukaryotes
Mitochondria
74
What makes up most of the molecules in the chain of electron transport chain
proteins
75
What is the final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration and what byproduct is made
Oxygen with H20 being the byproduct
76
Where does electron transport occur in prokaryotes
Cytoplasmic membrane
77
How many ATP per glucose are made in eukaryotes and prokaryotes
eukaryotes: 36 prokaryotes: 38
BIO111: Microbiology
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