Restriction Enzymes
Enzymes that cut DNA into specific pieces
Ex. Bam H1 and EcoR1
Biotechnology
Use of microbiology and biochemistry to produce useful products to and solve problems
Gel Electrophoresis
Separation of DNA fragments by size using electric current and gel
What is added to Gel electrophoresis to aid in viewing fragments
Ethidium Bromine (blue)
Why does DNA separate into fragments in gelelectrophoresis
DNA is negatively charged and will want to travel to the + end of the gel
Agarose
Gel separator used to separate mRNA and DNA
Name of the protein separator gel
polyacrylamide
Gel electrophoresis is a form of
DNA fingerprinting
- compare with known samples to id bacteria
- also used in crime labs
PCR
Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Creates multiple copies of a specific DNA sequence
2 main goals of PCR testing
- make bigger sample
2. diagnostics
PCR process
- Denaturization
- Annealing
- Extension
Denaturation
helicase
HEAT
split DNA
Annealing
Primase
Extension
DNA polymerase
Taq (heat stable)
Recombinant DNA
- specific DNA fragment put into different organisms
- plasmids are often carriers
- Examples: Human insulin, Vaccines, Rennin, BST, restriction enzymes
Transgenic organisms
Plant or animal (eukaryote) cell with recombinant DNA
“genetically modified organisms”
examples of transgenic organisms
- pest resistant plants - Bt toxin from Bacillus thuringiensis
- Golden rice - Genes from daffodil transferred to rice using bacteria, rice produces extra vitamin A
where are transgenic organisms found
agrobacterium “Ti”
studying disease found plasmid
Gene Therapy
- use of recombinant DNA to treat a genetic disease
- Healthy gene placed in virus
- Virus added to patient transfers the new DNA to the patient
DNA probes
- label applied to a specific DNA region
- colony blotting
- fluorescence
DNA sequencing
- Human Genome project
- Human microbiome project
